Term
| field of science that studies how the environment influences human health and disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| natural (air, water, soil), man-made (homes, farms, factories), social (lifestyle) |
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Term
| system of dynamic interdependent relationships among living organisms and their physical environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of an unhealthy ecosystem: Harmful Algal Blooms |
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Definition
| HAB - occurs when certain types of algae grow quickly in water forming visible patches that deplete oxygen and block sunlight for other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| harmful algal blooms that make the ocean appear red and produce brevetoxins that kill fish... humans that eat intoxicated fish can get sick and can get sick by breathing in the air the contains the toxins |
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Term
| single celled organsisms that live in estuaries and have been linked to mass fish deaths |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of increased algal blooms |
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Definition
| increased nutrient load (eutrophication), still waters, temperature changes |
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Term
| ways to improve a population's health |
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Definition
| building healthy housing, promoting healthy lifestyles, cleaning up industrial pollution, changing dietary habits |
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Term
| 1st public health law initiated in ___ and focused on ___? |
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Definition
| 1848 -- clean water and health hazards related to infectious disease |
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Term
| 2nd phase of environmental concern involved establishment of ____ and focus on ____. |
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Definition
| national parks ... toxic substances |
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Term
| Rachel Carson's book ____, largely fueled the environmental concerns related to toxic substances in the mid-20th century |
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Definition
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Term
| 3rd wave of environmental concern focused on ____, which is (definition). |
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Definition
| sustainable development: level of production and activity that can be undertaken in one generation wtihout compromising the environmental integrity or depleting resources for the next generation |
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Term
| Basic requirements for a healthy environment (5) |
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Definition
| clean air, safe and sufficient water, adequate and safe food, safe and peaceful environment, stable global environment |
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Term
| __ days without water can be fatal |
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Definition
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Term
| ___-___ calories/day required for people. ____ weeks without food can be fatal |
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Definition
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Term
| measurement or estimation of levels of exposure to environmental hazards |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the direct measurement of pollutant concentration taken in by individuals. ex? |
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Definition
| direct assessment --- blood/lead levels |
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Term
| ___ uses mathematical models to estimate exposures |
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Definition
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Term
| field of science that carries out health measurements in a population. the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in a specified population and the application of this to control of health problems |
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Definition
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Term
| obstacles to resolving environmental health problems (4) |
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Definition
| demographic issues, poverty, consumption patterns, macroeconomic policies |
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Term
| how are macroeconomic policies an obstacle to resolving environmental health problems? |
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Definition
| they influence the use and degradation of natural resources |
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Term
| how are demographic issues an obstacle to resolving environmental health problems? |
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Definition
| the impact on the environment is related to the size of a population and levels of consumption, environment may not be able to sustain population growth |
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Term
| 2 types of environmental health hazards |
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Definition
| anthropogenic (man-made) and natural |
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Term
| environmental health hazards can be studied in what two ways? |
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Definition
| by the nature of the hazard (physical, mechanical, biological, chemical, psychosocial) and by the route of exposure (air, water, land, indoor/outdoor) |
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Term
| 5 classes of environmental health concerns by nature |
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Definition
| physical, biomechanical, psychosocial, biological, chemical |
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Term
| Examples of physical health hazards |
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Definition
| sound waves, radiation, light energy, thermal energy, electrical energy |
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Term
| examples of biomechanical health hazards |
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Definition
| injuries -- at work, home, on the road, or at recreation |
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Term
| Stress and anxiety are ___ health hazards, and the health effects of these are? |
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Definition
| psychosocial - increase in heart rate, bp, resp, and blood supply to muscles, increases production of stress hormones, increased chance of survival -- can be bad if long term (decreased ability to cope wtih other diseases) |
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Term
| the process and interaction between humans and the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ can survive outside a living organism, but ____ are dependent on other living organisms to sustain life. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the #1 biological environmental health problem |
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Definition
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Term
| inherent capacity of a chemical to cause injury to a living organism |
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Definition
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Term
| in terms of chemicals, the amount of a substances to be absorbed is the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| dose is dependent on ___, ____, and ___ of exposure |
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Definition
| length, duration, and frequency |
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Term
| chemical health hazards are grouped into what 4 categories? |
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Definition
| physical and chemical properties, route of entry, distribution and metabolism, effects on body |
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Term
| 2 types of inorganic chemicals |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of organic chemicals |
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Definition
| hydrocarbons, alcohols, organic solvents (benzene and toluene) |
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Term
| 5 routes of exposure to chemical hazards |
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Definition
| inhlation, oral ingestion, absorption through skin, absorption through eyes, mom to baby/fetus |
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Term
| an effect on the body after absorption and spread throughout the body |
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Definition
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Term
| local reaction to specific organs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systemic, organ, reproductive, developmental, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity |
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Term
| ___ toxicity damages DNA and may lead to cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 steps to conducting a risk assessment |
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Definition
| identify hazards based on results of toxicological and epidemiological studies, dose-response assessment, exposure-assessment, risk characterization (integrating the other 3 steps to produce a quantitative estimate of risk), risk management (action to reduce or eliminate hazards or reduce the harm of their effects) |
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Term
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Definition
| lethal dose that will kill 50% of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration that will kill 50% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| effective dose - dose that will cause an effect in 50% of test population |
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Term
| 2 phases of epidemiological field studies |
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Definition
| descriptive (to describe current situation) and Analytical |
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Term
| What is the goal of epidemiological studies? |
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Definition
| to determine if environmental factors are indeed associated with the problem |
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Term
| 4 components of risk characterization |
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Definition
| exposure - combines concentration of pollutant with duration of exposure, dose, lifetime individual risk, risk to exposed population |
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Term
| 4 steps in risk management |
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Definition
| risk evaluation, risk perception and communication, control of exposure, risk monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| insecticide used around WWII that was sprayed everywhere. found out that it accumulated in bird tissue and persists in the environment... human health effects still undefined |
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Term
| ___ first noted the health effects of dust on the lungs in the early 1500's |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluoride emissions from steel mills caused 19 deaths and hundreds of illnesses in what air pollution disaster? |
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Definition
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Term
| temperature inversion and high winter coal use killed about 4,000 people in december of 1952 in the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| an accidental release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) from a pesticide plant caused temperature inversion and killed over 20,000 people total ... considered the worst industrial disaster in history |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 criteria air pollutants monitored by what agency? |
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Definition
| ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead ::: EPA |
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Term
| why is ozone considered a secondary pollutant? |
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Definition
| it is formed by the interaction of air pollution and sunlight |
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Term
| each kind of particle size and and it's EPA standard |
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Definition
| ultrafine - 0-0.1um - not regulated ::: PM2.5 - 0-2.5um - 15ug/m3/year ::: PM10 - 0-10um - 150ug/m3/day |
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Term
| why is PM2.5 of most concern? |
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Definition
| particles are small enough to reach deep into the lung, but have a large surface area that is chemically reactive |
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Term
| ____ is caused by tight buildings with inadequate ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| a black mold that accumulates in buildings and can be toxic if inhaled |
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Definition
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Term
| why are molds harmful to inhale? |
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Definition
| contain mycotoxins that trigger asthma attacks |
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Term
| importance of environmental tobacco smoke |
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Definition
| responsible for 3000 lung cancer deaths/year ... doubles incidence of pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis in children and may impair their lung development |
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Term
| 3 groups of people most at risk with air pollution |
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Definition
| children, elderly, workers |
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Term
| 3 indoor air pollutants discussed |
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Definition
| mold, radon, environmental tobacco smoke |
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Term
| humans require __L of fresh water/day |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 examples of communicable diseases spread through water |
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Definition
| cholera, typhoid, salmonella |
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Term
| __% of all diseases and __% of all deaths in developing countries are due to consumption of contaminated water |
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Definition
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Term
| __B people do not have access to safe drinking water and __B people do not have adequate sanitation |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 categories of substances that may be in water |
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Definition
| essential for proper health (fluoride), toxins (nitrates), genotoxic substances |
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Term
| ___ causes "blue baby syndrome" |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 main sources of water pollution world-wide |
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Definition
| industrial effluent, sewage, storm and urban runoff, agricultural runoff |
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Term
| groundwater accounts for __% of the US drinking water supply |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 aspects of water quality |
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Definition
| biological contaminants, chemical contaminants, color, taste and odor, temperature, turbidity |
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Term
| WHO guidelines for drinking water quality |
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Definition
| adequate supply of water, adequate supply of microbially safe water, adequate supply of microbially safe water that meets the guidelines for chemical parameters |
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Term
| the ___ is the comprehensive federal program to deal with water pollution. they prioritize a list of contaminants of most concern. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| EPA's Maximum Contaminant Level for conaminants |
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Term
| 4 most common water treatment methods |
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Definition
| pre-treatment in reservoirs (chlorination) :: coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation :: filtration :: disinfection |
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Term
| process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation in water treatment |
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Definition
| coagulation is the addition of aluminum or iron to react with the impurities, this causes flocculation, which creates flocs, the flocs then attach to organic matter and can be separated out via sedimentation |
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Term
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Definition
| THMs - results from reaction of chlorie wtih organic matter during water treatment -- may be linked to cancer |
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Term
| chemicals commonly used in coolants, insulators, etc that was banned in 1976 but is still persistant in the environment and can bioaccumulate/magnify |
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Definition
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Term
| physical effects of PCBs on humans |
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Definition
| acute = rashes, chronic = endocrine disruptors, immune system/liver damage, cancer |
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Term
| 4 main sources of water pollution |
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Definition
| industrial wastes (PCBs), domestic sewage, stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff |
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Term
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Definition
| sewage held in settling tanks and solid materials settle out -- can be used as fertilizer |
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Term
| secondary sewage treatment |
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Definition
| degradation of organic matter by bacteria |
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Term
| tertiary sewage treatment |
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Definition
| chemical separation of nitrates and phosphates -- stabilization ponds and activated sludge plants |
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Term
| 3 ways to reduce urban stormwater runoff |
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Definition
| frequent street sweeping, limited application of lawn fertilizers and pesticides, more green spaces where storm water can be soaked up |
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Term
| practice of cultivating soil, producing crops and raising livestock for human use and consumption |
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Definition
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Term
| positive impacts of modern agriculture |
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Definition
| less land needed as crop land, slowed deforestation, slowed rates of habitat conversion, preservation of biodiversity and natural ecosystems |
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Term
| negative impacts of modern agriculture |
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Definition
| intensive water use, increased use of fossil fuels, increased soil erosion, contamination by chemical fertilizers and pesticides |
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Term
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Definition
| soil runoff ends runs down to gulf of mexico and delivers a lot of nutrients that eat up the oxygen |
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Term
| methods to reduce problems created by synthetic fertilizers |
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Definition
| crop rotation to give soil chance to replenish, reduced tillage practices, better application of only what is needed |
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Term
| 3 types of chemical pesticides |
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Definition
| insecticides, herbicides, fungicides |
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Term
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Definition
| IPM - works to implement best attributes of chemical and biological control |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways herbicides get into water |
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Definition
| runoff from fields into surface waters, leach through soil into groundwater, tiles (underground spaces that prevent standing water in the fields) |
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Term
| most commonly used herbicide in the US and it's effects |
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Definition
| atrazine: leaches into waters at high levles.. is associated with various cancers, endocrine disruptor |
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Term
| example of a method to reduce herbicide use |
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Definition
| round-up ready crops -- genetically modified crops that don't need an herbicide |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased to no effect on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| utilizes decreased amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water and fossil fuel energy |
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Term
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Definition
| use of no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rickets is caused by lack of what nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| golden rice with increased vitamin A to promote healthy vision |
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Term
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Definition
| food contaminated by microbes -- requires microbial growth and toxin production in the food, not in the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of microbes to the individual and subsequent distribution and multiplication in the body --- diff than food poisoning |
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Term
| most notable viral foodborne disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secondary metabolites of fungi that exert various health effects.. ex: aflatoxins |
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Term
| 4 types of foodborne disease |
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Definition
| bacterial contamination, viral and parasitic contamination, mycotoxins (fungi), and chemical contaminants |
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Term
| ex of chemical contaminants that cause foodborne disease |
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Definition
| PCBs and mercury in fish, lead in cooking utensils |
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Term
| food quality assurance is monitored at what 5 stages of production? |
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Definition
| porduction of raw materials, food processing, storage and transport, food preparation, food consumption |
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Term
| among children 0-14yrs, __% of premature deaths are due to environmental factors |
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Definition
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Term
| Major environmental causes of death (4) |
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Definition
| diarrheal disease, lower respiratory tract infection, accidents/workplace hazards, malaria |
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Term
| 6 ways to decrease environmental health-related disease in children |
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Definition
| vaccinations, nutrition, sanitation, malaria control, breast feeding (so kids aren't drinking bad water), and education |
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Term
| Why are kids more susceptible to environmental health-related diseases? |
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Definition
| developmental factors (high rate of cell proliferation), physiological factors (smaller airways, greater doses per body mass), behavioral factors (kids eat dirt) |
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Term
| Spatial working memory deficit, decreased problem solving ability, lower IQ, ADHD, and behavioral problems are all impairments found in children who've been exposed to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| lead can cause irreversible damage to what 3 organs/systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is lead such a potent poison? |
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Definition
| it can substitute for calcium and therefore interfere with physiological processes... also has a very long half life (20-30 years) |
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Term
| lead poisoning can cause what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mental impairment occurs at blood/lead levels greater than __ug/dL |
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Definition
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Term
| ways to reduce lead poisoning in children |
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Definition
| eliminated lead from gasoline (1976), remove smelters from highly populated areas (china), gov't programs to assist less fortunate people in removing lead paint from their homes, free blood/lead level testing |
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Term
| health effects of ozone in children |
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Definition
| resp. infections, asthma attacks |
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Term
| 3 "zones" in diagnostic testing by peak flow meters |
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Definition
| Green = 80-100% of personal best, Yellow = 50-80% of personal best, Red = <50% of personal best |
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Term
| Children exposed to ozone would show poorer results on what respiratory test? |
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Definition
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Term
| The graph about ozone concentration in summer camp children showed what? |
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Definition
| that the epa standards might not be low enough |
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Term
| danger of combustion particulates |
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Definition
| contain highly reactive substances that can cause cell death, inflammation, cancer, and birth defects |
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Term
| about __% of children between 2 and 11 years live in a home with a smoker |
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Definition
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Term
| children under 1 year are __times as likely to be hospitilized if their mother smokes. |
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Definition
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Term
| children and infants exposed to ETS are at increased risk for what 2 health problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| probability of infant mortality is greater if people use ___ as cooking fuel as opposed to ___. why? |
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Definition
| biomass (wood/plant-burning stoves) as opposed to liquified gas ... because biomass stoves produce particulate matter and are not often ventilated |
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Term
| the risk of getting asthma if you live in a home with a smoker is greatly increased by your ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| how many children in the us still have elevated blood lead levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many children in the us still have elevated blood lead levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 principles of a sustainable urban ecosystem |
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Definition
| ensure adequate water supply, maintain vegetation and natural environment, preserve quality soils for agriculture, ensure sustainable conditions for wildlife, maintain regional food production, create an urban environment on a human scale |
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Term
| urban areas must provide for the ___, ____, and ____ needs of the public |
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Definition
| economic, physical health, psychological health |
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Term
| all dynamic conditions among inhabitants and activities within urban areas or regions |
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Definition
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Term
| a ____ exists when one group of people or activities does not destroy or harm the natural or human-made environment |
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Definition
| sustainable urban ecosystem |
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Term
| gastrointestinal and other communicable diseases can be caused by what 2 conditions in an urban ecosystem? |
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Definition
| inadequate water supply and sanitation :: overcrowded conditions with poor domestic and environmental hygiene |
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Term
| What conditions in an urban ecosystem can lead to psychological problems? |
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Definition
| overcrowded conditions, poor hygiene |
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Term
| over crowded conditions and poor hygiene :: coal, kerosene, or biomass fuels for heating cooking and lighting :: exposure to indoor air pollutants from fires and environmental tobacco smoke :: shelter in close proximity to pollution-producing industry ... can all lead to what problem in an urban ecosystem? |
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Definition
| environment-related respiratory conditions |
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Term
| problems with urban migration in developing countries |
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Definition
| migrants have little money and few skills for jobs :: formation of shanty towns with no sanitation, poor water, illegal electricity, few health facilities, overcrowding, unemployment, crime, and widespread disease :: rural areas are left without enough labor to produce agriculture |
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Term
| megacities are cities with populations of _____ people or more. compare megacities in 1900 and in 2000. |
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Definition
| 10M :: 1900 - London was the largest city with 5M ... 2000 - 19 megacities, 13 of which are in developing countries |
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Term
| qualities of a healthy city |
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Definition
| clean, safe physical environment :: stable, sustainable ecosystem :: supportive, non-exploitative community :: participation and control by public in health decisions :: meet basic needs for all :: education :: diverse and vital economy :: encouragement of connection with past culture :: good health care and prevention |
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Term
| 5 factors in global change |
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Definition
| ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, deforestation/desertification, loss of biodiversity, trans-boundary movement of pollutants |
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Term
| UV_ radiation has the most energy but is completely absorbed by the upper atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| UV_ energy is of most concern because it has a lot of energy but can still get through the atmosphere... causes lots of skin damage |
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Definition
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Term
| what layer of the ozone is the "protective layer" that is currently being depleted? |
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Definition
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Term
| what layer of the atmosphere is currently accumulating due to the greenhouse effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the main cause for ozone depletion in the last 30 years? |
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Definition
| CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) from freon in refrigerators and aerosol cans |
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Term
| How do CFCs damage the ozone? |
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Definition
| the release their Chlorine by photolysis in the atmosphere, which scavenges ozone and destroys it |
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Term
| what are the human health effects of ozone depletion? |
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Definition
| increased UV exposure, which causes cell death and leads to: non-melanoma skin cancer, malignant melanoma, retinal degeneration, cataracts |
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Term
| what are the effects of global climate change? |
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Definition
| greenhouse effect - causes earth to trap heat, which causes chaotic weather :: also causes some areas to lose heat, which = longer winters, and trapping of water in ice caps |
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Term
| How does the greenhouse effect work? |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the atmosphere act like a pane of glass, letting heat and radiation into the earth but not letting it out |
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Term
| From the movie Hot Zones, what country had an increase in arsenic poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What environments are included in environmental health? |
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Definition
| social, man-made, and natural |
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Term
| Which is not a requirement for a healthy environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mosquito borne virus discovered in the US in 1999? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is a biological environmental health problem? |
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Definition
| fecal bacteria in the water |
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Term
| Which is not included in the risk assessment model? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of epidemiology? |
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Definition
| determine environmental factors associated with a problem |
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Term
| Dose of exposure is dependent on what 3 things? |
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Definition
| frequency, length, and route of exposure |
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Term
| Why is ozone a secondary pollutant? |
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Definition
| formed in atmosphere, not from a source |
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Term
| Why are kids at increased risk for ozone exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is mold growth promoted in an indoor environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is fine particulate matter toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ex of a non-point source? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a process of natural disposal of organic material |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not a current reduction process limiting contamination from stormwater runoff? |
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Definition
| covering the land with concrete |
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Term
| blue baby syndrome is caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| 70% of freshwater is used for |
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Definition
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Term
| Rickets is caused by a deficiency in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factor directly influences the hypoxic dead zone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a positive impact of modern agriculture? |
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Definition
| less land needed for crops, decreased habitat conversion |
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Term
| Factors that increase the sensitivity of kids to environment? |
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Definition
| physiological, developmental, behavioral |
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Term
| # of kids in US today with elevated blood lead levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eliminating lead from gasoline caused? |
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Definition
| a dramatic decrease in lead poisoning |
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Term
| child health is affected from a mom who smokes for how long/ |
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Definition
| before birth, first years of life |
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Term
| What layer of atmosphere is ozone located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What greenhouse gas is of most concern? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not a principle of a sustainable ecosystem? |
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Definition
| use the best soils for urbanization |
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Term
| What is the effect of exposure to air pollutants and ETS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the 1st Superfund site? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was affected by the dust and smoke from 9/11? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the major source of PAHs from 9/11? |
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Definition
| partially burned jet fuel |
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Term
| What was the original intent of love canal? |
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Definition
| construction of a model industrial city |
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