Shared Flashcard Set

Details

HSC 180
exam 1
109
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
02/15/2009

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
health
Definition
a dynamic state or condition of the human organsim that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person's interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment; therefore, it can exist in varying degrees and is specific to each individual and his or her situation
Term
community
Definition
a group of people who have common characteristics; communities can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or other common bonds
Term
public health
Definition
things that society does collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
Term
public health system
Definition
the organizational mechanism of those activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individuals
Term
community health
Definition
the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Term
population health
Definition
the health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or lacality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Term
community organizing
Definition
a process through which communities are helped to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and in other ways develop and implement strategies for reaching their goals they have collectively set
Term
herd immunity
Definition
the resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals
Term
spiritual era of public health
Definition
a time during the Middle Ages when the causation of communicable disease was linked to spiritual forces
Term
modern era of public health
Definition
the era of public health that began in 1850 and continues today
Term
bacteriological period of public health
Definition
the period of 1875-1900, during which the causes of many bacterial diseases were discovered
Term
reform phase od public health
Definition
the years of 1900-1920, characterized by social movements to improve health conditions in cities and in the work place
Term
Medicare
Definition
government health insurance for the elderly and those with certain disabilities
Term
Medicaid
Definition
government health insurance for the poor
Term
healthy people 2010
Definition
the third set of health goals and objectivies for the US that defines the nation's health agenda and guides its health policy
Term
bioterrorism
Definition
the threatened or intentional release of biological agents for the purpose of influencing the conduct of government or intimidating or coercing a civilian population to further political or social objectives
Term
top-down funding
Definition
a method of funding in which funds are transmitted from federal or state government to the local level
Term
governmental health agencies
Definition
health agencies that are part of the governmental structure (federal, state, or local) and that are funded primarily by tax dollars
Term
World Health Organization
Definition
the most widely recognized international governmental health organization
Term
World Health Assembly
Definition
a body of delegates of the member nations of the WHO
Term
superfund legislation
Definition
legislation enacted to deal with the cleanup of hazardous substances in the environment
Term
core functions of public health
Definition
assessment, policy, development, and assurance
Term
sliding scale
Definition
the scale used to determine the fee for services based on the ability to pay
Term
quasi-governmental health organizations
Definition
organizations that have some responsibilities assigned by the government but operate more like voluntary agencies (ex. American Red Cross)
Term
Voluntary Health Agencies
Definition
nonprofit organizations created by concerned citizens to deal with a health need not met by governmental health agencies
Term
philanthropic foundation
Definition
an endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind
Term
epidemiology
Definition
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations
Term
epidemic
Definition
an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health related event in a particular population
Term
endemic disease
Definition
a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
Term
epidemiologist
Definition
one who pracices epidemiology
Term
pandemic
Definition
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent
Term
cases
Definition
people afflicted with a disease
Term
rate
Definition
the number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time
Term
natality (birth) rate
Definition
the number of live births divided by the total population
Term
morbidity rate
Definition
the rate of illness in a population
Term
mortality (fatality) rate
Definition
the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population
Term
population at risk
Definition
those in the population who are susceptible to a particular disease or condition
Term
incidence rate
Definition
the number of new health-related events or case of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by the total number in that same population
Term
acute disease
Definition
a disease that lasts three months or less
Term
prevalence rate
Definition
the number of new and old cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time, divided by the total number in that population
Term
chronic disease
Definition
a disease or health condition that last longer than three months
Term
attack rate
Definition
an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and expressed as a percentage
Term
crude rate
Definition
a rate in which the denominator includes the total population
Term
crude birth rate
Definition
the number of live births per 1000in a population at a given period of time
Term
crude death rate
Definition
the number of deaths (from all causes) per 1000 in a population in a given period of time
Term
age-adjusted rate
Definition
rate used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure
Term
specific rate
Definition
a rate that measures morbidity or mortality for particular populations or diseases
Term
cause-specific mortality rate
Definition
the death rate due to a particular disease
Term
case fatality rate
Definition
the percentage of cases of a particular disease that result in death
Term
proportionate mortality ratio
Definition
the percentage of overall mortality in a population that is attributable to a particular cause
Term
notifiable diseases
Definition
infectious diseases for which health offiials request or require reporting for public health reasons
Term
National Electronic Telecommunications System
Definition
the electronic reporting system used by state health departments and the CDC
Term
life expectancy
Definition
the average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time
Term
years of potential life lost
Definition
the number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 65 or 75
Term
disability adjusted life years
Definition
a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disability
Term
health adjusted life expectancy
Definition
the number of years of healthy life expected, on average in a given population
Term
US census
Definition
the enumeration of the population of the US that is conducted every 10 years
Term
vital statistics
Definition
statistical summaries of records of major life events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and infant deaths
Term
descriptive study
Definition
an epidemiological study that describes an epidemic with respect to person, place, and time
Term
epidemic curve
Definition
a graphic display of the cases of disease according to the time or date of onset of symptoms
Term
point source epidemic curve
Definition
an epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases which all can be traced to a single source of exposure.
Term
incubation period
Definition
the period between exposure to a disease and the onset of symptoms
Term
propagated epidemic curve
Definition
an epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure
Term
analytic study
Definition
an epidemiological study aimed at testing hypotheses
Term
risk factors
Definition
factors that increase the probability of disease, injury, or death
Term
observational study
Definition
an analytic, epidemiological study in which the investigator observes the natural course of events, noting exposed and unexposed subjects and disease development
Term
case/control study
Definition
a study that seeks to compare those diagnosed with a disease with those who do not have the disease for prior exposure to specific risk factors
Term
cohort study
Definition
an epidemiological study in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each class
Term
cohort
Definition
a group of people who share some important demographic characteristic (year of birth, for ex.)
Term
odds ratio
Definition
a probability statement about the association between a particular disease and a specific risk factor, resulting from a case/control study
Term
relative risk
Definition
a statement of the relationship between the risk of acquiring a disease when a specific risk factor is present and the risk of acquiring that same disease when the risk factor is absent
Term
experimental studies
Definition
analytic studies in which the investigator allocates exposure or intervention and follows development of disease
Term
placebo
Definition
a blank treatment
Term
communicable disease
Definition
an illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic products that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
Term
noncommunicable disease
Definition
a disease that cannot be transmitted from infected host to susceptible host
Term
infectivity
Definition
the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Term
pathogenicity
Definition
the capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Term
communicable disease model
Definition
a visual representation of the interrelationships between causative agent, host, and environment
Term
agent
Definition
the cause of the disease or health problem
Term
host
Definition
a person or other living organism that affords subsistence or lodgment to a communicable agent under natural conditions
Term
chain of infection
Definition
a model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
Term
case
Definition
a person who is sick with a disease
Term
carrier
Definition
a person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others
Term
zoonosis
Definition
a communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Term
anthroponosis
Definition
a disease that infects only humans
Term
direct transmission
Definition
the immediate transfer of an infectious agent by direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals
Term
indirect transmission
Definition
communicable disease transmission involving an intermediate step
Term
vehicle
Definition
inanimate materials or objects that can serve as a source of infection
Term
vector
Definition
a living organism usually an arthropod (ex mosquito) that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts
Term
etiology
Definition
the cause of a disease
Term
etiology
Definition
the cause of a disease
Term
multicausation disease model
Definition
a visual representation of the host together with various internal and external factors that promote and protect against disease
Term
coronary heart disease
Definition
achronic disease characterized by damage to the coronary arteries in the heart
Term
cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)
Definition
a chronic disease characterized by damage to blood vessels of the brain resulting in disruption of circulation to the brain
Term
malignant neoplasm
Definition
uncontrolled new tissue growth resulting from cells that have lost control over their growth and division
Term
metastasis
Definition
the spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body by the circulatory or lymphatic systems
Term
prevention
Definition
the planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem
Term
intervention
Definition
efforts to control a disease in progress
Term
eradication
Definition
the complete elimination or uprooting of a disease (Ex. smallpox)
Term
primary prevention
Definition
preventive measure that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period
Term
secondary prevention
Definition
preventive measure that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability and prevent more severe pathogenesis. Ex: health screenings!
Term
tertiary prevention
Definition
measure aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
Term
isolation
Definition
the separation of infected persons from those who are susceptible
Term
quarantine
Definition
limitation of freedom of movement of those who have been exposed to a disease and may be incubating it
Term
disinfection
Definition
the killing of communicable disease agents outside the host, on counter tops, for example
Term
bloodborne pathogens
Definition
disease agents, such as HIV, that are transmissible in blood and other body fluids
Term
bloodbourne pathogens standard
Definition
a set of regulations promulgated by OSHA that sets forth the responsibilities of employers and employees with regard to precautions to be taken concerning bloodborne pathogens in the workplace
Term
unmodifiable risk factors
Definition
factors contributing to the development of a noncommunicable disease that cannot be altered by modifying one's behavior or environment
Term
modifiable risk factors
Definition
factors contributing to the development of a noncommunicable disease that can be altered by modifying one's behavior or environment
Supporting users have an ad free experience!