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| The one variable an experimenter changes; it is graphed on the x axis |
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| The variable that is measured for a result; it is graphed on the y axis |
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| Subjects in the experiment that do not receive the experimental treatment; needed for comparison |
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| An inert or inactive substance |
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| a preconceived idea of how an experiment will turn out- good scientists avoid this |
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| Good experiments include: |
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| question, testable hypothesis, control group, experimental group, one independent variable, multiple trials |
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| primary source of energy for living things, made of C,H,O found in fruits, vegetables, and grains |
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| single sugars such as glucose and fructose |
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| two sugar monomers such as sucrose or lactose |
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chain of sugars such as cellulose, glycogen, and starch
used for energy storage or structure |
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| structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls- humans can't digest it (fiber) |
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| energy storing polysaccharide of plants |
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| energy storing polysaccharide of animals |
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| building block of carbohydrates; molecule that begins cellular respiration |
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| diverse molecules used for structure, transport, as enzymes, muscle, and antibodies |
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| protein molecule used by immune system to fight infection |
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| building block of proteins |
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| molecule that contains twice the energy of carbs; used for energy, insulation, and cell membranes |
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| protein catalysts that speed chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis |
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| factors affecting enzyme activity |
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| pH and temperature; there is an optimal level for each |
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| 0-14, 7 is neutral, 0-6 acidic, 8-14 basic, 6-8 i szone of life (stomach is very acidic) |
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| manufactures proteins for cell by assembling chains of amino acids |
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| houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA and directs cell activiites |
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| stores water and waste in eukaryotic cells; larger in plants |
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| performs cellular respiration to make ATP for eukaryotic cells |
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| uses the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis; makes organic compounds |
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outer boundary of plants, fungi, and bacteria
plant contains cellulose |
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| selectively permeable bilayer; outer boundary of animal cells; made of lipids |
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| plants have cell wall, chloroplast, and larger vacuole than animal cells |
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| cells lacking a nucleus; today's bacteria are this type |
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| cells with a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles |
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| a cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm |
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| movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
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| whip-like structure used for movement by some cells |
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| short hair-like structures used for movement |
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| false foot used for movement |
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| special organelle in some organisms to prevent bursting from too much water moving in |
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| less than fresh water so it floats; < 1.0g/mL because of hydrogen bonding due to polarity of water |
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| creation of identical daughter cells for growth and repair; 2n to 2n |
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| process that makes haploid gametes (2n to n) leads to genetic variation through crossing over |
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| haploid sex cells such as egg or sperm; produced by meiosis |
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| structure made of DNA; carries an organism's traits, found in nucleus of eukaryotes |
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| an alternative version of a gene |
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| both alleles of a gene are the same i.e. HH or hh |
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| both alleles for a gene are different; i.e. Hh or Tt |
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| a trait that will appear if just one copy is present in the organism |
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| a trait that will only appear if there is no dominant allele i.e tt or hh |
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| a trait usually passed from female to male offspring; carried on X chromosome (ex colorblindness) |
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| slight differences between members of the same species |
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| a trait that increases the chances of survival for an organism in its environment |
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| process in which those organisms best suited to the environment reproduce and pass on their traits |
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| the physical appearance or traits an organism has |
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| an organism's allele pairs such as HH or Tt |
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| process of copying the information in DNA to mRNA |
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| single stranded molecule with nucleotides A,U,G, and C |
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| carries information of DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis |
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| "reading" mRNA by tRNA to assemble a chain of amino acids at the ribosome |
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| a segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
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| a change in a DNA sequence; usually but not always harmful |
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| radiation, uv light, chemical mutagens |
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| symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit (ex bees and flowers) |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
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| one organism benefits while the other is harmed |
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| organisms such as plants and some bacteria that can make their own food |
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| organisms that cannot manufacture food (animals and fungi) |
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| organisms found near hot vents on ocean floor that make their own food with inorganic molecules and no light |
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| process performed by mitochondria to make ATP using glucose and oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water |
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| breakdown of carbohydrates for energy in the presence of oxygen; makes lots of ATP |
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| breakdown of carbohydrates without using oxygen; used by bacteria, yeast, and very hard working muscle |
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| first step in food chain; plants, contain large amounts of energy |
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| heterotrophs that feed on producers or other heterotrophs |
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| bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and return the molecules to the environment |
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| measured in meters; micrometers, millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers |
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| micrograms, milligrams, grams, kilograms |
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| the role an organism plays in its habitat- where it lives, what it eats, what eats it, etc |
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| change in an ecosystem as one community replaces another |
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| occurs where no ecosystem has existed before such as a volcanic island; pioneer species move in and make soil |
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| takes place where an ecosystem already was such as after a forest fire |
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| brain, spinal cord, and nerves; respond to stimuli and send messages throughout body |
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| breaks down food to monomers for absorption to meet energy needs (mouth, stomach, intestines) |
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| sends chemical messages called hormones through bloodstream |
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| moves oxygen and carbon dioxide; involves lungs or gills |
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| filters waste products from blood; kidneys are primary organ |
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| moves needed molecules throughout body; heart and blood vessels in animals, xylem in plants |
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| type of pollution when a toxin builds up in concentration as it moves through a food chain (DDT) |
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| rain or snow with a low pH caused by burning fossil fuels; especially harmful to aquatic organisms |
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| non-native species brought to live or accidentally released in new place; often outcompete native species |
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