Term
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Definition
| Any chemical that can affect living processes |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of medications in patients |
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Term
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Definition
| A quantitative approach to describe the behavior of a drug in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The impact of drugs in the body |
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Term
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Definition
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream.
Absorption is not always desired (inhailed or topical steroids and antibotics) |
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Term
| Commonly Used Routes of Administration |
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Definition
| Oral, Enteral, Parenteral, Inhalation, Intranasal, Topical |
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Term
Drug Passages Across Membranes:
Channels or Pores
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Definition
Only very small drugs
ex:Na+ and K+ |
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Term
Passage Across Membranes:
Direct Penetration |
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Definition
| Most common method of drug movement across membranes, must be lipid soluble |
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Term
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Definition
The fraction % of drug available in the bloodstream after administration as compared to IV route.
Note: IV route is 100% Bioavailable |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a drug into the various body fluids and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Mathematical concept describing the amount of drug in the body in relation to the concentration of drug in the plasma.
Note: VD is useful in estimating the loading dose |
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Term
Drug Distribution
Blood Brain Barrier:
Placental Barrier:
Breast Milk:
Fluid areas & Lipid tissues |
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Definition
BBB: Only lipid soluble drugs can cross the bbb to reach the central nervous system
PB: lipid soluble drugs can cross and reach the developing fetus
BM: most drugs can enter the nursing mother's milk supply
F&L: Self explanatory |
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Term
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Definition
| Some drugs are bound to the plasama proteins, mostly albumin. Drugs bound to these proteins are phamacologically inactive while bound. |
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Term
| Variables affecting VD & Distribution |
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Definition
Body composition of infants
Obese Patients store more in adipose tissues
Significant changes in body weight
Malnourished patients have fewer albumin proteins available for protein binding
Neonates and elderly have more permeable BBBs |
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Term
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Definition
| Biotransformation-The chemical alteration of the parent compound usually resulting in enhanced excretion, inactivation, or sometimes active metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs absorbed into the small intestine are first exposed to the liver and may be extensively metabolized before reaching systematic circulation |
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Term
| First Pass Metabolism lowers _____? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Inactive compound that must be metabolized in order to become active.
ex:Plavix |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatic microsomal enzyme system: Cytochrom p450 |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually no change with age |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the drug is eliminated from the body. Some drugs are excreted after metabolism. some drugs are excreted unchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term used to describe the volume of blood which is completely cleared of a drug per unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time required for the drug's plasma concentration to be reduced by ONE HALF |
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Term
| How many half lives does it take to "clear" a drug? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Most drugs' half lives are concentration and dose INDEPENDANT
Half Life DOES NOT depend on dose |
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Term
| Dose Response Relationship |
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Definition
| The relationship between size of dose and intensity of response |
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Term
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Definition
| Levels lower than the minimum effective level will not be effective |
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Term
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Definition
| Levels higher than the maximal safe level offer no additional efficacy, but may cause more adverse effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Levels near this dose may cause dramatic, unusual adverse effects, even death. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Therapeutic Window" is a measure of the drug's safety. It is the relationship between beneficial and adverse effects of a medication |
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Term
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Definition
| length of time a drug can be expected to exhibit its pharmacological effect |
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Term
| Duration of Action and Half Life |
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Definition
| Usually correlate, but not always |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect |
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Term
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Definition
measure of amount of drug required to produce a given degree of effect.
rarely clinically important |
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Term
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Definition
a drug produces an effect by combining with some specific molecular constituent (receptor). the function of the receptor cell is modified to produce a measureable effect
**(Lock and Key Theory)** |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that mimics some natural compound by binding with the receptor from stimulation and prevents it from being triggered normally |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that binds to the receptor, blocks the receptor from stimulation, and prevents it from being triggered normally |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the strength of attraction between a drug and its receptor. describes the tightness of the bond |
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Term
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Definition
| The more selective a drug is, the fewer adverse effects it will cause |
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Term
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Definition
| any undesired, unintended response to a drug |
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Term
| Exaggerated drug response |
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Definition
| an exaggerated, undesireable response |
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Term
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Definition
| causes increased adverse effects or decreased efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| adverse effect of a drug that limits its usefulness or acceptance in a patient |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system response to a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow therapeutic window, high incidence of adverse effects, high incidence of allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of the effects of one drug by the prior or concomitant administration of another |
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Term
| Direct Chemical Interaction |
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Definition
| precipitation, inactivation |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic Interactions |
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Definition
| Altered Absorption due to altered ph, or altered intestinal flora (bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bonding that prevents absorption |
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Term
| Drug induced mucosal damage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein displacement-drugs bound to plasma proteins are pharm. inactive and exist in equilibrium between bound and unbound forms |
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Term
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Definition
| high metabolism = lower drug levels = loss of efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased cardiac output->decreased renal flow->decreased drug filtration->decreased drug excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| low metabolism = higher levels = increased effects, adverse effects, and toxcicity |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the effects of two drugs are greater than would have been predicted from each of their effects alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the effects of two drugs are less than predicted from their effects when given alone |
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Term
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Definition
| isonaizid and rifampin both cause hepatic injury |
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