Shared Flashcard Set

Details

HS15 - Life Span (ch. 7-12, 20)
Midterm 2
95
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
10/20/2013

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What characterizes the death system in a culture?
Definition

People - Death is inevitable (death of others or our own)

Places or contexts - Hospitals, funeral homes, cemeteries, battlefields, memorials.

Times - Death involves times or occasions, honoring those who have died, such as memorial day or day of the dead

Objects - Objects associated with death, such as caskets, black objects, clothes, armband and hearses.

Symbols - skull and crossbones, the last rites in the Caltholic religion

Term
What are some cultural variations in the death system?
Definition
To live a full life and die with glory (ancient Greeks). American's live life though they are immortal, reaching adulthood without having seen someone die. For some death means loneliness and for others it's a quest for happiness. For some death is not the end of existence.
Term
Changing historical circumstances
Definition
Age group, in which death most ofen occurs. Life expectancy has increased from 47 years for a person born in 1900 to 78 for someone born today. Today more than 80% of deaths occur in hospitals.
Term
Brain death
Definition
A neurological definition of death. When all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EFG recording is one criterion.
Term
Advanced care planning
Definition
Refers to the process of patients thinking about the communicating their preferences about end-of-life care.
Term
Euthanasia
Definition
The act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities; sometimes called "mercy killing."
Term
Passive euthanasia
Definition
The withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, in order to allow a person to die.
Term
Active euthanasia
Definition
Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug.
Term
Hospice
Definition
Committed in making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. Contrast to hospitals, that cure disease and prolong life.
Term
Palliative care
Definition
The type of care emphasized by hospice, reducing pain and suffering, whicle helping individuals die with dignity.
Term
Denial and isolation
Definition

Kuber-Ross' first stage of dying.

The dying person denies that she or he is really going to die.

Term
Anger
Definition
Kubler-Ross' second stage. The dying person's denial give way to anger, resentment, and envy.
Term
Bargaining
Definition
Kubler-Ross' third stage of dying. The dying person develops the hopethat death can somehow be postponed.
Term
Depression
Definition
Kubler-Ross' fourth stage of dying. The dying person come to accpet the certainty of his or her death. A period of depression or preparatory grief may appear.
Term
Acceptance
Definition
Kubler-ross' fifth stage of dying. The dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of fate, and in many cases a desire to be left alone.
Term
The contexts in which people die
Definition
50% of Americans die in hospitals, 20% die in nursing homes, some in isolation and fear. An increasing number of people choose to die in the human atmosphere of a hospice. Most rather die at home, however, many feel they would be a burden to die at home and it would change relationships.
Term
Grief
Definition
The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation, anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
Term
Prolonged grief disorder
Definition
Involves enduring despair and remains unresolved over an extended period of time.
Term
Dual-process model
Definition
A model of coping with bereavement that empasizes oscillation (back and forth) between two deminsions: loss-orientated stressors, and restoration-oriented stressors.
Term
Growth hormone deficiency
Definition
Missing hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.
Term
Myelination
Definition
The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
Term
Gross motor skills
Definition

Large muscle movement, such as walking.

Age 2-3

Term
Fine motor skills
Definition
Very precise movements, such as placing blocks perfectly. Age 4+
Term
Main cause of death in children 1-4 years of age?
Definition
1. Car accidents, 2. Cancer, 3. Cardiovascular
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
Piaget's second stage, from 2 - 7 years of age, children represent the world with words, images, drawings, and symbols...mental reasoning, magic beliefs are constructed, and egocentrism is present.
Term
Operations
Definition
These are reversible mental actionsthat allow children to do mentally what they formally did physically.
Term
Symbolic function substage
Definition
Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, child gains ability to mentally represent an object that is not present. (age 2-4)
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's.
Term
Anism
Definition
The belief that inaminate objects, like a tree or sidewalk, have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
Term
Intuitive thought substage
Definition
Piaget's second substage, children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions. (4-7 years) Why? Why?
Term
Centration
Definition
Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. (The clowns nose)
Term
Conservation
Definition
Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. (Beeker versus cup - same size)
Term
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Definition
Vygotsky's lower & upper limit, tasks that are too difficult for a child to perform alone, but can be mastered with the help of adults.
Term
Social constructivist approach
Definition
Learning and asserting knowledge in a mutual setting and with others. Vygotsky's theory.
Term
Vygotsky
Definition

Sociocultural context

Social constructivist

No stages

ZPD, language, tools of culture

Eduation plays a central role

Teacher is a facilitator not a director

Term
Piaget
Definition

Little emphasis on sociocultural context

Cognitive constructivist

Strong emphasis on stages

Schema, assimilation, accommodation, operations

Cognition primarily directs language

 

Term
Memory
Definition
It increases with age during childhood.
Term
Executive attention
Definition
Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation...
Term
Sustained attention
Definition
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
Term
Short-term memory
Definition
Individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, when there is no rehearsal of the information.
Term
Executive functioning
Definition
An umbrella-like concept that consists of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the the prefrontal cortex.
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
Awareness of one's mental processes and the mental process of others.
Term
Early head start
Definition
Established in 1995 for children from birth to 3 years of age.
Term
Montessori
Definition
Children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.
Term
Developmentally appropriate practice
Definition
Typical development patterns of children (age) and uniqueness of each child (individuality.)
Term
Project head start
Definition
Government-funded program for low-income families to acquire skills and experiences important for school success.
Term
Moral development
Definition
Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
Term
Heteronomous morality
Definition
The first stage, Piaget, 4-7 years of age. Children think of justice and rulesas unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
Term
Autonomous mortality
Definition
10 years of age and older, Piaget, children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and should be considered by the intentions as well as the consequences of their actions.
Term
Immanent justice
Definition
The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
Term
Gender identity
Definition
The sense of being male or female, most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
Term
Gender typing
Definition
Traditional masculine or feminine role.
Term
Gender role
Definition
A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel.
Term
Psychoanalitic theory of gender
Definition
Freud's view that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. (age 5-6)
Term
Social cognitive theory of gender
Definition
Emphasizing that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through rewards and punishments children experience.
Term
Authoritarian parenting
Definition
Restrictive, punitive style...firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Is associated with children's social incompetence.
Term
Neglectful parenting
Definition
Uninvolved parent, is associated with children's social incompetence, especially lack of self-control.
Term
Indulgent Parenting
Definition
Parents are highly involved with childre, but place few demands or controls on them.
Term
Authoritative parenting
Definition
Parents encourage their children to independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Is associated with children's social competence.
Term
Practice play
Definition
Invovles repetition of behavior when new skills are learned.
Term
Pretense/symbolic play
Definition
Child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.
Term
Social play
Definition
Involves interactions with peers.
Term
Constructive play
Definition
Combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symoblic representation of ideas. When children engage in self-regulated creation of a product or solution.
Term
Games
Definition
Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals.
Term
Transitivity
Definition
The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
Term
Fuzzy trace theory
Definition
Verbatim memory and gist, older children's better memory is attributed by extracting the gist of information.
Term
Convergent thinkin
Definition
Produces one correct answer and is characterstic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.
Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
Produces many answers to the same question and is characteristics of creativity.
Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
A person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Term
Normal distribution
Definition
A symmetrical, most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores.
Term
Triarchic Theory
Definition
Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
Low IQ, usually below 70. Extra copy of chromosome 21.
Term
Gifted
Definition
Having above-average IQ of 130 or higher and/or superior talent for something.
Term
Organic retardation
Definition
Caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage.
Term
Perspective taking
Definition
The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Term
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Definition
Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Three levels and six stages. Controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.
Term
Intimacy in friendships
Definition
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Term
Constructive approach
Definition
A learner-centered, emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Term
Direct instruction approach
Definition
Teacher centered, teacher direction and control.
Term
Hormones
Definition
Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
The location where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions.
Term
Adolescent egocentrism
Definition
The heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.
Term
Personal fable
Definition
The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
Term
Dual process model
Definition
Decision making, one - analytical and one - experiential - that compete with each other.
Term
Top-dog phenomenon
Definition
The circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school.
Term
Service learning
Definition
A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
Term
Narcissism
Definition
A self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others.
Term
Identity Status
Definition

James Marcia's four statuses

Diffusion - not yet experience crisis or made any commitments.

Foreclosure - have made commitments but have not experienced a crisis.

Moratorium - in the midst of crisis but commitments are absent or vaguely defined.

Achievement - have undergone crisis and have made commitment.

Term
Clique
Definition
A small group of about 5 - 6 individuals that form and engage in similar activities.
Term
Crowd
Definition
A larger group based on reputation, member may or may not spend time together.
Term
Rite of passage
Definition
Transition to adult status through ceremony or ritual,
Term
Harry Stack Sullivan
Definition
Most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. Without the relationships, adolescents lack self-worth.
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