Term
| What characterizes the death system in a culture? |
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Definition
People - Death is inevitable (death of others or our own)
Places or contexts - Hospitals, funeral homes, cemeteries, battlefields, memorials.
Times - Death involves times or occasions, honoring those who have died, such as memorial day or day of the dead
Objects - Objects associated with death, such as caskets, black objects, clothes, armband and hearses.
Symbols - skull and crossbones, the last rites in the Caltholic religion |
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Term
| What are some cultural variations in the death system? |
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Definition
| To live a full life and die with glory (ancient Greeks). American's live life though they are immortal, reaching adulthood without having seen someone die. For some death means loneliness and for others it's a quest for happiness. For some death is not the end of existence. |
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Term
| Changing historical circumstances |
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Definition
| Age group, in which death most ofen occurs. Life expectancy has increased from 47 years for a person born in 1900 to 78 for someone born today. Today more than 80% of deaths occur in hospitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurological definition of death. When all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EFG recording is one criterion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the process of patients thinking about the communicating their preferences about end-of-life care. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities; sometimes called "mercy killing." |
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Term
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Definition
| The withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, in order to allow a person to die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Committed in making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. Contrast to hospitals, that cure disease and prolong life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of care emphasized by hospice, reducing pain and suffering, whicle helping individuals die with dignity. |
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Term
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Definition
Kuber-Ross' first stage of dying.
The dying person denies that she or he is really going to die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kubler-Ross' second stage. The dying person's denial give way to anger, resentment, and envy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kubler-Ross' third stage of dying. The dying person develops the hopethat death can somehow be postponed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kubler-Ross' fourth stage of dying. The dying person come to accpet the certainty of his or her death. A period of depression or preparatory grief may appear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kubler-ross' fifth stage of dying. The dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of fate, and in many cases a desire to be left alone. |
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Term
| The contexts in which people die |
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Definition
| 50% of Americans die in hospitals, 20% die in nursing homes, some in isolation and fear. An increasing number of people choose to die in the human atmosphere of a hospice. Most rather die at home, however, many feel they would be a burden to die at home and it would change relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation, anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves enduring despair and remains unresolved over an extended period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model of coping with bereavement that empasizes oscillation (back and forth) between two deminsions: loss-orientated stressors, and restoration-oriented stressors. |
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Term
| Growth hormone deficiency |
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Definition
| Missing hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
Large muscle movement, such as walking.
Age 2-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Very precise movements, such as placing blocks perfectly. Age 4+ |
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Term
| Main cause of death in children 1-4 years of age? |
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Definition
| 1. Car accidents, 2. Cancer, 3. Cardiovascular |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's second stage, from 2 - 7 years of age, children represent the world with words, images, drawings, and symbols...mental reasoning, magic beliefs are constructed, and egocentrism is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are reversible mental actionsthat allow children to do mentally what they formally did physically. |
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Term
| Symbolic function substage |
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Definition
| Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, child gains ability to mentally represent an object that is not present. (age 2-4) |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that inaminate objects, like a tree or sidewalk, have lifelike qualities and are capable of action. |
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Term
| Intuitive thought substage |
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Definition
| Piaget's second substage, children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions. (4-7 years) Why? Why? |
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Term
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Definition
| Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. (The clowns nose) |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. (Beeker versus cup - same size) |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's lower & upper limit, tasks that are too difficult for a child to perform alone, but can be mastered with the help of adults. |
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Term
| Social constructivist approach |
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Definition
| Learning and asserting knowledge in a mutual setting and with others. Vygotsky's theory. |
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Term
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Definition
Sociocultural context
Social constructivist
No stages
ZPD, language, tools of culture
Eduation plays a central role
Teacher is a facilitator not a director |
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Term
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Definition
Little emphasis on sociocultural context
Cognitive constructivist
Strong emphasis on stages
Schema, assimilation, accommodation, operations
Cognition primarily directs language
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Term
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Definition
| It increases with age during childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation... |
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Term
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Definition
| Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, when there is no rehearsal of the information. |
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Term
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Definition
| An umbrella-like concept that consists of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the the prefrontal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of one's mental processes and the mental process of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established in 1995 for children from birth to 3 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. |
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Term
| Developmentally appropriate practice |
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Definition
| Typical development patterns of children (age) and uniqueness of each child (individuality.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Government-funded program for low-income families to acquire skills and experiences important for school success. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage, Piaget, 4-7 years of age. Children think of justice and rulesas unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 years of age and older, Piaget, children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and should be considered by the intentions as well as the consequences of their actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of being male or female, most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional masculine or feminine role. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel. |
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Term
| Psychoanalitic theory of gender |
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Definition
| Freud's view that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. (age 5-6) |
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Term
| Social cognitive theory of gender |
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Definition
| Emphasizing that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through rewards and punishments children experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restrictive, punitive style...firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Is associated with children's social incompetence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uninvolved parent, is associated with children's social incompetence, especially lack of self-control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents are highly involved with childre, but place few demands or controls on them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents encourage their children to independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Is associated with children's social competence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invovles repetition of behavior when new skills are learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child transforms the physical environment into a symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves interactions with peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symoblic representation of ideas. When children engage in self-regulated creation of a product or solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Verbatim memory and gist, older children's better memory is attributed by extracting the gist of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces one correct answer and is characterstic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces many answers to the same question and is characteristics of creativity. |
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Term
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| A person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symmetrical, most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low IQ, usually below 70. Extra copy of chromosome 21. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having above-average IQ of 130 or higher and/or superior talent for something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings. |
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Term
| Preconventional, conventional, postconventional |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Three levels and six stages. Controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learner-centered, emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. |
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Term
| Direct instruction approach |
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Definition
| Teacher centered, teacher direction and control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heightened self-consciousness of adolescents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decision making, one - analytical and one - experiential - that compete with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others. |
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Term
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Definition
James Marcia's four statuses
Diffusion - not yet experience crisis or made any commitments.
Foreclosure - have made commitments but have not experienced a crisis.
Moratorium - in the midst of crisis but commitments are absent or vaguely defined.
Achievement - have undergone crisis and have made commitment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small group of about 5 - 6 individuals that form and engage in similar activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A larger group based on reputation, member may or may not spend time together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition to adult status through ceremony or ritual, |
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Term
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Definition
| Most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. Without the relationships, adolescents lack self-worth. |
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