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HROB 101 Final
Final answering questions using textbook
228
Other
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2010

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Term
Leadership
Definition
the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals
Term
Contrast between leadership and management
Definition
Managers achieve goals through other people; Leadership influences a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals; Leaders challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions; mangaers formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day operations
Term
Describe trait theories
Definition
theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders
Term
Describe behavioral theories
Definition
theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders
Term
Ohio St Studies
Definition
sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. Beginning with more than a thousand dimensions, the studies narrowed the list to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees that researchers call initiating structure and consideration
Term
University of Michigan Studies
Definition
objectives were to locate behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness. Came up with two behavioral dimensions called the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented leader
Term
initiating structure
Definition
the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment; part of Ohio St Studies
Term
consideration
Definition
the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates' ideas, and regard for their feelings; part of Ohio St studies
Term
employee-oriented leader
Definition
a leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations, takes a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accepts individual differences among members.
Term
production-oriented leader
Definition
a leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.
Term
two behavioral dimensions of Ohio St studies
Definition
initiating structure and consideration
Term
two behavioral dimensions of University of Michigan studies
Definition
employee-oriented leader and production-oriented leader
Term
contingency theories
Definition
Fiedler's contingency model; situational leadership theory; path-goal theory; leader-member exchange theory
Term
inspirational approaches
Definition
charismatic leadership; transformational leadership; authentic leaders; ethics and leadership
Term
Fiedler’s Contingency Model
Definition
the theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader.
Term
least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire
Definition
an instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task or relationship oriented
Term
how does Fiedler model identify leadership style
Definition
least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire
Term
Fiedler's relationship-oriented
Definition
if you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms
Term
Fiedler's task-oriented
Definition
if you see your least-preferred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms, ou are primarioly interested in productivity
Term
low LPC score
Definition
task-oriented leader according to Fiedler
Term
high LPC score
Definition
relationship-oriented leader according to Fiedler
Term
Is Fiedler's indivudual leadership style fixed or not fixed?
Definition
fixed
Term
What are the components of Fiedler's contingency model?
Definition
identify the leadership style; define the situation; match leaders and situations; and evaluation
Term
What are the three things Fiedler uses to define the situation
Definition
leader-member relations; task structure; position power
Term
leader-member relations
Definition
the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader
Term
task structure
Definition
the degree to which job assignments are procedurized
Term
position power
Definition
influence derived from one's formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases
Term
what components determine position power
Definition
power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases
Term
how many components determine position power
Definition
5: hire, fire, discipline, promote, salary increases
Term
how many categories are in Fiedler's Model?
Definition
8
Term
what ways does Fiedler label leader member-relations
Definition
two - good/poor
Term
what ways does Fiedler label task structure
Definition
two - high/low
Term
what ways does Fiedler label what ways does Fiedler label
Definition
two - strong/weak
Term
how does Fiedler match leaders to situations?
Definition
according to category
Term
what categories would Fiedler install a task-oriented leader?
Definition
Category 1, 2, 3, 7, or 8
Term
what categories would Fiedler install a relationship-oriented leader?
Definition
Category 4, 5, or 6
Term
what is the most widely researched contingency theory
Definition
LPC theory
Term
Situational Leadership Theory
Definition
a contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness
Term
Path-Goal Theory
Definition
a theory that states that it is the leader's job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization
Term
leader-participation model
Definition
a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations
Term
Leader-member Exchange Theory
Definition
a theory that supports leaders' creation of in-groups and out-groups; subordinates with in-grou status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction
Term
Charismatic leadership theory
Definition
a leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors
Term
vision
Definition
a long-term strategy for attaining a goal or goals
Term
vision statement
Definition
a formal articulation of an organization's vision or mission
Term
Transformational leadership
Definition
leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers.
Term
transactional leaders
Definition
leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
Term
What type of leader does the Ohio State studies, Fiedler's model, and path-goal theory describe
Definition
transactional leaders
Term
what are the four characterstics of transactional leaders
Definition
contingent reward; management by exception (passive and active); laissez-faire
Term
what are the four characterstics of transformational leaders
Definition
idealized influence; inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulation; individualized consideration
Term
what is the most passive and least effective of leader behaviors
Definition
laissez-faire
Term
when are management by exception leaders available
Definition
when there is a problem
Term
while contingent rewward leaders can be effective, what is their downside
Definition
will not get employees to go above and beyond the call fo duty
Term
using what type of leadership can leaders motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization
Definition
transformational leadership
Term
what leads to extra effort from workers, higher productivity, higher morale and satisfaction, higher organizational effectiveness, lower turnover/absenteeism and greater organizational adaptability
Definition
idealized influence; inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulation; individualized consideration
Term
why are transformational leaders more effective
Definition
more creative and encourage others to be creative
Term
Authentic leaders
Definition
leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers would consider them to be ethical people.
Term
what do unethical leaders use charisma for
Definition
to enhance power over followers
Term
what do ethical leaders use charisma for
Definition
in a socially constructive way to serve others
Term
socialized charismatic leadership
Definition
a leadership concept that states that leaders convey values that are other centered versus self centered and who role-model ethical conduct
Term
trust
Definition
a positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically
Term
what are the 3 key characteristics in developing trust
Definition
integrity; benevolence; ability
Term
what are the four consequences of trust
Definition
trust encourages taking risks; trust facilitates information sharing; trusting groups are more effective; trust enhances productivity
Term
when does trust exist
Definition
when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another due to positive expectations
Term
what type of state is trust
Definition
psychological state
Term
trust is a primary attribute associated with _______
Definition
leadership
Term
_______ is a primary attribute associated with leadership
Definition
trust
Term
integrity
Definition
honesty and truthfulness
Term
what is the most critical of the 3 key characterstics in developing trust
Definition
integrity
Term
benevolence
Definition
the trusted person has your interests at heart
Term
ability
Definition
an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills
Term
trust propensity
Definition
refers to how likely a particular employee is to trust a leader
Term
what is the final ingreadient in the recipe for trust
Definition
time
Term
time is the final ingredient for what recipe
Definition
trust
Term
mentor
Definition
a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, called a protégé
Term
are formal or informal mentoring relationships more effective
Definition
informal mentor relationships are more effective
Term
in what way is mentorsip valuable
Definition
psychological
Term
attribution theory of leadership
Definition
a leadership theory that says that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals
Term
substitues
Definition
attributes, such as experience and training, that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structture
Term
neutralizers
Definition
attributes that make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
Term
what do we attribute to leaders
Definition
intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness, responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance
Term
what demographic assumptions are made about leaders
Definition
white leaders are rated as more effective; teams prefer male leaders when aggressively competing against other teams; prefer female leaders when competition is within teams and calls for improving positive relationships within the group
Term
appearance of being leader over actual accomplishments is part of what theory
Definition
attribution theory of leadership
Term
networked communication
Definition
powerful channel that can build and enhance leadership effectiveness
Term
identification-based trust
Definition
trust based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of each other's wants and desires
Term
what is a poor predictor of leader effectiveness
Definition
experience
Term
how do power and politics contribute to ethical dilemmas
Definition
is playing politics worth the risk, recognize the ability of power to corrupt, easier for powerless to act ethically
Term
ethical dilemmas
Definition
situations in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct
Term
what are the three ethicial decision criteria
Definition
utilitarianism, rights, and justice
Term
utilitarianism
Definition
a system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
Term
whistle-blowers
Definition
individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders
Term
power
Definition
a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A's wishes
Term
dependency
Definition
B's relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires
Term
coercive power
Definition
a power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply
Term
what are the formal bases of power
Definition
coercive; reward; legitimate
Term
what are the personal bases of power
Definition
expert; referent
Term
which of the formal bases of power is broader than the other two
Definition
legitimate power
Term
reward power
Definition
compliance chieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable
Term
legitimate power
Definition
the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization
Term
formal authority
Definition
legitimate power
Term
expert power
Definition
influence based on special skills or knowledge
Term
referent power
Definition
influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits
Term
what is the most important basis of power?
Definition
personal sources of power are most effective and are positively related to employees' satisfaction with supervision, their organizational commitment, and their performance
Term
what source of power can backfire and be negatively related to employee satisfaction and commitment
Definition
coercive power
Term
what is the key to power
Definition
dependency
Term
general dependency postulate
Definition
the greater B's dependency on A, the more power A has over B
Term
what are the three characterstics that create dependency
Definition
importance; scarcity; nonsubstitutability
Term
importance
Definition
people wanting what you have
Term
scarcity
Definition
low supply in high demand
Term
nonsubstitutability
Definition
the fewer the viable substitutes for a resource, the more power control over that resource
Term
power tactics
Definition
ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions
Term
what are the nine power tactics
Definition
legitimacy; rational persuasion; inspirational appeals; consultation; exchange; personal appeals; ingratiation; pressure; coalitions
Term
legitimacy
Definition
relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
rational persuasion
Definition
presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
inspirational appeals
Definition
developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target's values, needs, hopes, and aspirations; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
consultation
Definition
increasing the target's support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
exchange
Definition
rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
personal appeals
Definition
asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
ingratiation
Definition
using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
pressure
Definition
using warnings, repeated demands, and threats; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
coalitions
Definition
enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree; 1 of 9 power tactics
Term
political skill
Definition
the ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one's objectives
Term
what three power tactics are most effective
Definition
rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation
Term
which power tactic tends to backfire and is typically the least effective
Definition
pressure
Term
what does effectiveness of some influence tactics depends on…
Definition
direction of influence
Term
which power tactic has upward influence
Definition
rational persuasion
Term
which power tactics have downward influence
Definition
rational persuasion; inspirational appeals; pressure; consultation; ingratiation; exchange; legitimacy
Term
which power tactics have lateral influence
Definition
rational persuasion; consultation; ingratiation; exchange; legitimacy; personal appeals; coalitions
Term
sexual harassment
Definition
any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual's employment and creates a hostile work environment
Term
how is power related to sexual harassment
Definition
the concept of power is central to understanding sexual harassment
Term
what is central to understanding sexual harassment
Definition
concept of power
Term
political behavior
Definition
activities that are not required as a part of a person's formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization
Term
legitimate political behavior
Definition
normal everyday politics
Term
illegitimate political behavior
Definition
extreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of the game
Term
organizational politics
Definition
focus on the use of power to affect decision making in an organization or on self-serving and organizationally unsanctioned behaviors
Term
examples of legitimate political behavior
Definition
complaining to supervisor, bypassing chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules and developing contacts outside the organization through professional activities
Term
examples of illegitimate political behavior
Definition
sabotage, whistle-blowing, symbolic protests such as wearing unorthodox dress or portest buttons and calling in sick as a group; "play hardball"
Term
individual factors that influence political behavior
Definition
high self-monitors; internal locus of control; High Mach personality; organizational investment; perceived job alternatives; expectations of success
Term
organizational factors that influence political behavior
Definition
reallocation of resources; promotion opportunities; low trust; role ambiguity; unclear performance evaluation system; zero-sum reward practices; democratic decision making; high performance pressures; self-serving senior managers
Term
employee responses to organizational politics
Definition
decreased job satisfaction; increased anxiety and stress; increased turnover; reduced performance
Term
defensive behaviors
Definition
reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change
Term
impression management
Definition
the process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them
Term
what are the eight impression management techniques
Definition
conformity; favors; excuses; apologies; self-promotion; enhancement; flattery; exemplification
Term
conformity
Definition
agreeing with someone else's opinion to gain his or her approval; form of ingratiation
Term
favors
Definition
doing something nice for someone to gain that person's approval; form of ingratiation
Term
excuses
Definition
explanations of a predictament-creating event aimed at minimizing the apparent severity of the predicament; defensive IM technique
Term
apologies
Definition
admitting responsibility for an undesirable event and simultaneously seeking to get a pardon for the action; defensive IM technique
Term
self-promotion
Definition
highlightin one's best qualities, downplaying one's deficits, and calling attention to one's achievements; self-focused IM technique
Term
enhancement
Definition
claiming that something you did is more valuable than most other members of the organizations would think; self-focused IM technique
Term
flattery
Definition
complimenting others about their virtues in an effort to make oneself appear perceptive and likeable; assertive IM technique
Term
exemplification
Definition
doing more than you need to in an effort to show how dedicated and hard working you are; assertive IM technique
Term
organizational culture
Definition
a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations
Term
what is organzational culture concerned with
Definition
how employees perceive the characteristics of an organization's culture
Term
what are the seven primary characteristics that capture the essence of an organization's culture
Definition
innovation and risk taking; attention to detail; outcome orientation; people orientation; team orientation; aggressiveness; stability
Term
dominant culture
Definition
a culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization's members
Term
subcultures
Definition
minicultures within an organization, typically defined by department designations and geographical separation
Term
core values
Definition
the primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization
Term
strong cultures
Definition
cultures in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared
Term
examples of strong culture
Definition
Nordstrom
Term
benefits of a strong organizational culture
Definition
reduce employee turnover; high agreement about what the organization represents; builds choesiveness, loyalty, and organizational commitment; lesser the need for management to develop formal rules
Term
organizational climate
Definition
shared perceptions organizational members have about their organization and work environment
Term
what does culture enhance
Definition
organizational commitment and increased the consistency of employee behavior
Term
what are the dysfunctional aspects of culture
Definition
institutionalism; barriers to change; barriers to diversity; barriers to acquisitions and mergers
Term
institutionalism
Definition
a condition that occurs when an organization takes on a life of its own, apart from any of its members, and acquires immortality
Term
what are the three ways culture is created
Definition
founders hire and keep only employees who think and feel the same way they do; they indoctrinate and socialize these employees to their way of thinking and feeling; founders' own behavior encourages employees to identify with them and internalize their beliefs, values, and assumptions
Term
how is culture sustained
Definition
selection practices, actions of top management, socialization methods
Term
how do employees learn about a culture
Definition
number of forms with the most potent being stories, rituals, material symbols, and language
Term
what is the explicit goal of the selection process
Definition
to identify and hire individuals with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform successfully
Term
how do top management impact culture
Definition
through words and behavior senior execs establish norms that filter through the organization
Term
socialization
Definition
a process that adapts employees to the organization's culture
Term
what are the stages in the socialization process
Definition
prearrival stage, encounter stage, metamorphosis stage
Term
prearrival stage
Definition
the period of learning in the socialization process that occurs before a new employee joins the organization
Term
encounter stage
Definition
the stage in the socialization process in which a new employee sees what the organization is really like and confronts the possibility that expectations and reality may diverge
Term
metamorphosis stage
Definition
the stage in the socialization process in which a new employee changes and adjusts to the job, work group, and organization
Term
what are the culture's functions
Definition
define the rules of the game; sense making and control mechanism; enhances stability in organization; creates distinction between one organization and others; sense of identity for employees; enhances employee commitment to organizations' interests
Term
stories
Definition
contain a narrative of events about the organization's founders, rule breaking, rags-to-riches successes, reductions in the workforce, relocation of employees, reactions to past mistakes, and organizational coping; these stories anchor the present in the past and explain and legitimate current practices
Term
rituals
Definition
repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization, which goals are most important, and which are expendable
Term
material symbols
Definition
what conveys to employees who is important, the degree of egalitarianism top management desires, and the kinds of behavior that are appropriate
Term
language
Definition
acronyms, jargon, unique terms used to help members identify with the culture
Term
how do you create an ethical culture
Definition
be a visible role model; communicate ethical expectations; provide ethical training; visibly reward ethical acts and punish unethical ones; provide protective mechanisms
Term
what are the four cultural characteristics that tend to be evident in spiritual organizations
Definition
strong sense of purpose; trust and respect; humanistic work practices; toleration of employee expression
Term
positive organizational culture
Definition
a culture that emphasizes building on employee strengths, rewards more than punishes, and emphasizes individual vitality and growth
Term
workplace spirituality
Definition
the recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community
Term
workplace spirituality
Definition
the recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community
Term
what do spiritual organizations concerned with
Definition
directly address work-life conflicts; helping people develop and reach full potential
Term
stress
Definition
a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, a demand, or a resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important
Term
challenge stressors
Definition
stressors associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and time urgency
Term
hindrance stressors
Definition
stressors that keep you from reaching your goals (for example, red tape, office politics, confusion over job responsibilities)
Term
demands
Definition
responsibilities, pressures, obligations, and even uncertainties that individuals face in the workplace
Term
resources
Definition
things within an individual's control that can be used to resolve demands
Term
what is stress associated with
Definition
demands and resources
Term
what three factor categories are potential sources of stress
Definition
environmental, organizational, and individual
Term
environmental factors
Definition
economic uncertainties, political uncertainties, technological change
Term
organizational factors
Definition
task demands, role demands, interpersonal demands
Term
individual factors
Definition
family problems, economic problems, personality
Term
stressors are _______
Definition
additive
Term
is experience positively or negatively related to work stres
Definition
negatively related
Term
what moderates the relationship between potential stressors and experienced stress
Definition
perception, job experience, social support, and personality
Term
what are the three general categories associated with consequences of stress
Definition
physiological symptoms, psychological symptoms, behavioral symptoms
Term
physiological symptoms
Definition
changes in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates and blood pressure, induce headaches and heart attacks; low self-efficacy people have more susceptibility to URIs and poor immune system functioning
Term
psychological symptoms
Definition
job dissatisfaction is the most obvious, but also tension, anxiety, irritability, boredom, procrastination
Term
behavioral symptoms
Definition
changes in productivity, absence and turnover, eating habits, increased smoking and consumption of alcohol, rapid speech, fidgeting, and sleep disorders
Term
stress vs performance
Definition
upside down U; low stress is same as high stress - low productivity; medium stress = high productivity
Term
how can individuals manage stress
Definition
time-management techniques, increased physical exercise, relaxation training - meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback, expanded social support networks
Term
how can organizations help with stress management
Definition
wellness programs; sabbaticals; increasing formal organizational communication; increasing employee involvement in decision making; redesigning jobs; goal setting, training, and selection and placement
Term
why is stress important to organizations
Definition
low to moderate amounts of stress enable most people to perform better, but stress is dissatisfying; keeping a stres balance is necessary to performance and satisfaction
Term
why do people experience and handle stress differently
Definition
perception, job experience, social support, belief in locus of control; self-efficacy; hostility
Term
wellness programs
Definition
organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee's total physical and mental condition
Term
manager
Definition
an individual who achieves goals through other people
Term
three management roles
Definition
interpersonal roles; informational roles; decisional roles
Term
planning
Definition
a process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities
Term
organizing
Definition
determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made
Term
leading
Definition
a function that includes motivating employeees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts
Term
controlling
Definition
monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations
Term
technical skills
Definition
the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise
Term
human skills
Definition
the ability to work with understand and motivate other people, both individually and in groups
Term
conceptual skills
Definition
the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations
Term
four managerial activities
Definition
traditional management; communication; HR management; networking
Term
organizational behavior
Definition
a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness
Term
evidence-based management
Definition
the basing of managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence
Term
contingency variables
Definition
situational factors: variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables
Term
dependent variable
Definition
a response that is affected by an independent variable
Term
productivity
Definition
a performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency
Term
effectiveness
Definition
achievement of goals
Term
efficiency
Definition
the ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it
Term
organizational citizenship behavior
Definition
discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization
Term
independent variable
Definition
the presumed cause of some change in a dependent variable
Term
dependent variables in OB model
Definition
productivity, absenteeism, turnover, deviant workplace behavior, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction
Term
independent variables
Definition
inidividual - biographical characteristics, personality characteristics; emotional framework; values and attitudes; basic ability levels; group - communication patterns, leadership, power and politics, levels of conflict, accetpability, work teams, leadership and trust, group structure, group decision-makng; organizaion systems - organizational culture, HR policies and practices, organization structure and design, change and stress
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