Term
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Definition
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinguishing self from altered self |
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Term
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Definition
Born with it
Non-specific
Starts immediately (near entry points)
Sees whole pathogen
Non-clonal
Monocytes, NK Cells, granulocytes
Complement, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides |
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Term
| Describe adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Acquired
Specific
Takes a while to start up (most effective)
Induced
Clonal
B Cells and T Cells (memory)
Antibodies
Have surface receptors for antigens |
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Term
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Definition
1798 - Smallpox vaccine
"Founder of immunology" |
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Term
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Definition
| 1879: Attenuated vaccine for chicken cholera |
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Term
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Definition
| 1901: A, B, O blood groups |
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Term
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Definition
| 1959-1962: Antibody structure |
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Term
| Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty |
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Definition
| 1974: MHC restriction discovery |
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Term
| Tsutsumu Tonegawa and Leroy Hood |
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Definition
| 1985: Immunoglobulin gene discovery |
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Term
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Definition
| 1987: T cell receptor genes identified |
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Term
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Definition
| 1989: Dendritic cells present antigen to T cells |
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Term
| Nomura and Charles Janeway |
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Definition
| 1994 - 1998: Toll-like receptor discovery |
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Term
| 3 components of the immune system |
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Definition
Soluble: released by cells, affect differentiation and activities of immune cells.
Cellular: Innate and adaptive responses
Tissues: Primary and secondary organs |
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Term
| Life cycle of immune cells |
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Definition
Originate in bone marrow
Migrate through blood and lymph
Mature and function in peripheral tissues |
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Term
| What cells drive differentiation of immune cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Paths of hematopoietic stem cells |
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Definition
1: lymphoid progenitor --> B-Cells, T-Cells, NK-Cells
2: Myeloid progenitor --> Granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mast cell, monocyte) or erythrocytes --> megakaryocytes
Monocytes / mast cells --> macrophage / mast cells
3: Erythroblast --> erythrocytes |
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Term
| Most concentrated leukocyte in the blood? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils (4400/ml). Can be quickly distributed in response to an inflammatory stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
AKA: White blood cells
Originate in bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
First produced in liver/yolk sac in young fetus |
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Term
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Definition
Most numerous leukocyte
Phagocytosis/digestion of bacteria/particles
Multi-lobed nuclei
Short life span
Travel to site of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Eosinophils: Parasites
Basophils: Cytokines
Mast cells: Release histamine |
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Term
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Definition
MOST IMPORTANT phagocytic cell
Role in killing bacteria
Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
Long-lived
(can present processed antigens to T cells, and regulate wound healing/homeostasis) |
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Term
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Definition
MOST IMPORTANT antigen presenting cells
Link between innate and adaptive immunity
Take the epitope to the lymph
Found in low numbers in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Leave bone marrow only partially mature
B Cells differentiate in bone (mature in lymph nodes)
T Cells differentiate in thymus
Cannot be differentiated visually
Mediate adaptive immunity |
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Term
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
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Definition
Lymphocytic lineage (NOT T-CELLS)
Kill tumor cells and virally-infected cells
Possess Fc receptor
Secrete interferons |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmunity
Graft rejection
Hypersensitivity
(can't distinguish self form non-self) |
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Term
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Definition
Where leukocytes are differentiated and produced
(not yet committed)
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bursa of Fabricius
Peyer's patches |
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Term
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Definition
Site where B and T cells are induced to function. (develop and respond)
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Peyer's patches |
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Term
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Definition
Mature in the spleen, then go to tissues
Phagocytosis and killing of parasites
Fc receptors on surface
Bi-lobed nuclei
Promotes inflammation
Mostly deal with large pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Low numbers
Multi-lobed nucleus
Contain inflammatory molecules
Small role in killing parasites
Fc receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Multi-lobed nuclei
Different morphologies in different tissue
Fc receptors (for parasites)
Secretes histamine & serotonin
Vasodilator |
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Term
| Bone Marrow / Bursa of Fabricius |
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Definition
Bursa of Fabricius is in birds
B-Cell receptor rearrangement occurs here
If excessive blood cell production is demanded, liver and spleen produce lymphocytes.
Fewer B-Cells toward center of marrow
Site of hematopoiesis
Adipose provides energy |
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Term
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Definition
T-cell maturation (move toward medulla)
Variation in size shape in animals
Presentation of self antigens ONLY
Involutes after sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial cells that "tolerize" T-cells
Ability to generate immune response
Cortex: Dense, immature
Medulla: Less dense, mature |
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Term
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Definition
Structures along GI tract in lamina propria
Contain mostly B-cells
B-cells central; T-cells surrounding
Immune response for ingested antigens
M-cells: Site for antigen entry!
Take up antigen via immune cells and transport them to lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| Site where B-cells are rapidly dividing |
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Term
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Definition
Secondary lymphoid organ (largest)
Encased in a thick capsule
Red pulp: Phagocytes
White pulp: Lymphocytes (mostly B-cells)
Filters out effected RBC's
RBC storage, and backup proliferation
Major site of adaptive response to blood-borne pathogens |
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Term
| Two components of the White pulp of the spleen |
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Definition
Splenic nodules: B-cells
Periarterial Lymphatic Sheaths (PALS): T-cells that line the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Points of convergence for blood and lymph
Collects lymph for return to blood
B-cells: primary lymphoid follicle
T-cells: cortical area |
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Term
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Definition
Bean-shaped
Cortex around medulla surrounded by capsule
Dendrites and lymphocytes can enter from afferent lymph or from the blood
Have germinal centers |
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Term
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Definition
Distributed throughout body
Collect and sample antigens
Only lymphocytes can use HEV's! |
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Term
| Flow of lymph through a lymph node |
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Definition
Afferent lymph vessel -->
Subcapsular sinus -->
Cortical sinus -->
Medullary sinus -->
Efferent vessel |
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Term
| High Endothelial Venules (HEV's) |
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Definition
Found in the lymph nodes
Specialized capillaries where lympocytes exchange from blood.
Cells LACK tight juncitons!
Used a lot by T-cells |
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Term
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Definition
Small soluble proteins and glycoproteins
Regulate and mediate immune responses
Large number and variety
Homeostatic roles
Activate or suppress immune activities
NOT antigen-specific!
pleiotripic (diff. activities)
Highly regulated expression
Redundant actions
Influence synthesis/action of others
Many non-immune functions (wound repair) |
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Term
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Definition
Growth factors
Interleukins
Interferons
Chemokines |
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Term
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Definition
Family of cytokine
Simulate hematopoiesis
Regulate leukocyte growth/differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
Mediators and regulators of mature lymphocytes and leukocytes
(Innate and adaptive immunity)
Very diverse group |
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Term
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Definition
Mediate and regulate antiviral and innate immunity.
Inhibit viral replication (block receptors)
Regulate developing fetus
Accelerate B-cell diferentiation
Mostly from: T-cells, macrophages, fibroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
"Chemoattractants." Regulate directed movement of immune cells
Induced by a variety of stimuli
Divided into 4 classes |
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Term
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Definition
HIGHLY specific!
Single or multimeric
Some share common subunits
Receptors can be grouped into families
A cell can have receptors for many cytokines |
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Term
| Jobs of type I interferons a/B |
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Definition
Induction of "antiviral state"
Increase expression of MHC1 on host cells
Activate NK cells to kill viral cells |
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Term
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Definition
produced by helper T-cells and NK cells
ACTIVATES macrophage immune function!
Isotype switching to opsonize antibodies
Increases MHC expression |
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Term
| Colony Stimulating Factors |
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Definition
Promote differentiation of progenitor cells. Different kinds:
Granulocyte (GSF): Neutrophils, eosinophils
Macrophage (GSF): Monocytes, macrophages
GM-CSF: Granulocytes or Macrophages
IL-3: Macrophages or granulocytes
IL-7: Produced by stromal cells in bone/spleen |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates host inflammatory response
Produced mostly by macrophages and epithelial cells
2 forms: 1a and 1B (overlapping activities)
CNS: fever, sleepiness
Vascular: adhesion molecules, IFN-y
Liver: Acute phase protein production |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by: Th1
Causes autocrine proliferation of T-cells
Augments Ig synthesis
PRIMARY growth factor for T-cells! |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by: macrophages and T-cells
Liver: Acute phase protein expression
Hypothalamus: fever by pyrogen
Adipose: Decreased fat storage |
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Term
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Definition
CRITICAL cytokine
Differentiation of T-cells toward Th1
Produced by: Dendrites and macrophages
Activate NK cells for IFN-y |
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Term
| Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-a) |
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Definition
MEDIATOR of ENDOTOXIC SHOCK (gram- sepsis)
Produced by: Macrophages, NK cells
Activities:
Cell killing
Immunocyte activation
Liver: acute phase protein expression
Fever
Regulates hematopoiesis
2 different receptors (shed during response) |
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Term
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Definition
Monocyte
Endothelium
Brain (hypothalamus)
Liver (acute phase...) |
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Term
| How does TNF-a work on vascular endothelium? |
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Definition
| Macrophages make TNF-a which signals the endothelium to make adhesion molecules which grab the neutrophils in the blood and bring them through the epithelium and into the tissue to act on bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophages make TNF to bring phagocytes and lymphocytes into tissues. Increased platelet adhesion. Phagocytosis of bacteria. Plasma and cells drain into lymph nodes. Removes infection via adaptive immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver and spleen make macrophages to make TNF for blood. Causes systemic edema, decreased blood volume, neutropenia. Leads to intravascular coagulation and organ failure. DEATH |
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Term
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Definition
| Since cytokines work together to impact peripheral immune events, "storms" can lead to tissue injury, shock, death. |
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Term
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Definition
Overexpression of cytokines
Caused by Gram- cell walls (LPS)
TNF-a is major cytokine responsible
Species vary in sensitivity to LPS-induced shock
cat, horse, pig>dogs>mice>>birds |
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Term
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Definition
Regulate humoral immune response!
"anti-inflammatory"
Inhibits macrophage activation
IL-4 acts on T-cells:
Promotes Th2
Enhanced proliferation
Produce Th2 cytokines
Inhibit Th2 differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemotactic for neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoattractand for CD8+ T cells and neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoattractant for memory CD4+ T cells, eosinophils, and monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoattractant for monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoattractant for NK cells and resting T cells |
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Term
| Cytokines for communication |
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Definition
B and T cells communicate using cytokines
Used for activation of B cells, B cell differentiation into plasma cells, and Ig class switching (isotypes) |
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Term
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Definition
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokines that are linked to changes in gene expression.
Can change the nature of the inflammatory response |
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Term
| Manipulating immune response |
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Definition
Cyclosporin A: inhibits transplant rejection
Corticosteroids: inhibits inflammation
Anti-TNF-a therapy: for rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytokines that inhibit virus replication |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophage activating cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| B-cell activating cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| T cell stimulating cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophil/Mast cell activating cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Substance that induces antibody generation
Induces a specific immune response
AKA: Immunogens
B cells recognize large molecules
T cells only recognize epitopes
Allergen: antigen causes allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Part of large molecule bound by antibody
Multivalency: Sometimes repeated many times on a macromolecule
Spatial arrangement affects Ab binding |
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Term
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Definition
Small molecules, not normally immunogenic, but are antigens when linked to a carrier.
Linkage forms a new epitope
Ex: Penicillin to albumin |
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Term
| 3 types of antibodies generated by haptens |
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Definition
1. Against the carrier
2. Against the hapten
3. Against the new epitope by hapten-carrier linkage |
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Term
| What makes a good antigen? |
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Definition
1. Foreignness
2. Complexity
3. Size
4. Stability
5. Speed of release
Proteins are best, lipids are worst
Host factors affect potential immunogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
One epitope is similar enough to trigger response against a different epitope, even on different molecules.
Results in immunity against unrelated antigens |
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Term
| Response toward antigens in tissues |
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Definition
Taken up by dendrites and macrophages
Moved to lymph nodes
Elicit IgG isotype |
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Term
| Response toward antigens in mucosal surfaces |
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Definition
Taken up by M-cells or dendrites
Extend through epithelial lining
Elicit IgA and IgE isotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Degradation of proteins into epitopes to bind MHC for presentation |
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Term
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Definition
Displaying antigens as peptide fragments
Exogenous (ouside cell): MHC II
Endogenous (inside cytosol): MHC I |
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Term
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Definition
Normally, immune system cannot recognize self proteins.
Errors cause antibodies and T-cells to be made against self-antigens. "Auto-antigens"
4 Classes
Ex: Sperm, mitochondria, insulin... |
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Term
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Definition
| Some pathogens express proteins that resemble host molecules. T-cells will then also recognize host cells presented by MHC I |
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Term
| 2 ways to induce autoimmunity |
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Definition
Disruption of cell/tissue barrier
Molecular mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
Presented on surface of tumor cells
MHC I and MHC II
Not found on normal cells |
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Term
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Definition
Exotoxins that highly stimulate T-cells
Do not require prior processing
Cross-link MHC and T-Cell receptor
Over-stimulates T-cells (overproduce cytokines)
Drive hyperinflammation |
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Term
| 3 Functions of antibodies |
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Definition
Opsonization
Complement Activation
Neutralization |
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Term
| How does complement action work? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Coating foreign particle with antibodies
Helps neutrophils/macrophages become phagocytic |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity from antibodies |
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Definition
Antibody production begins 4-7 days after exposure
Antibodies are antigen-specific, principle mediators of adaptive immunity
Ab's are found in plasma and on mucosal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Heterodimeric, produced by B-cells
Antigen specific
Function in many environments
Interact w/ Ag's non-covalently!
Different constants make diff. isotypes
SUBunits are covalently linked
Heavy subunit determines isotype
Fab contains Ag binding site
Digested via Papain |
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Term
| Constant region confers functional specificity by: |
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Definition
IgG and IgM activate classical pathway
IgE binds to mast cells and basophils
IgG binds to receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells |
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Term
| Expression of isotypes in blood vs. mucosal surfaces |
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Definition
IgG>IgM>IgA in blood
IgA>>IgM>IgG on mucosal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Does NOTHING special
Antigen receptor on naive follicular B cells |
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Term
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Definition
Mast Cell Activation (and basophils)
Induced by IL-4 |
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Term
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Definition
Cross epithelium
Neutralization
Vascular diffusion
Induced by TGF-B |
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Term
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Definition
Complement activity
Inhibited by IL-4, IFN-y, TGF-B |
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Term
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Definition
Opsonization
Cross placenta
Vascular diffusion
Complement activity
NK Cell activation
Neutralization
Induced by IL-4 |
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Term
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Definition
Vascular diffusion
Cross placenta
Neutralization
Complement activity
Induced by IFN-y and TGF-B |
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Term
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Definition
Rearrangement of DNA only occurs on one chromosome for each light or heavy chain genes.
"Chromosomal silencing" |
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Term
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Definition
Rearrangement of DNA only occurs on one chromosome for each light or heavy chain genes.
"Chromosomal silencing" |
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Term
| 4 ways to contribute to antibody diversity in bone marrow |
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Definition
Multiple germline genes
H and L chain recombinations
Imprecise joining of segments
Random insertion of bases
Somatic hypermutation: only after encounters an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
Recognize conserved sequences flanking each gene segment
Cleave out intervening DNA
Deficiency in RAG = immunocompromised
High rate of mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
When a B cell is active and proliferating, an enzyme chemically changes bases to a different base for a new codon.
AID enzyme converts cytidine to thymididine
Impacts the V region segment |
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Term
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Definition
| If a mutation provides better binding, these B-cells are selected. |
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