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HOS: Excitation-Contraction Coupling (Lecture 15)
HOS
20
Physiology
Graduate
01/23/2010

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Term

What does excitation-coupling include?

1. AP

2. T-tubule

3. SR

4. Muscle fibers (thick and thin)

Definition

E-C coupling covers events from the action potential in muscle cell through  initiation and termination of crossbridge cycling

 

      1.   Action potential propagation

 

      2.   Transverse tubular depolarization

Transverse tubular membrane charge movement

 

      3.   Ca2+ release from terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

 

      4.   Ca2+ binding to troponin-tropomyosin complex

Ca2+ removal by Ca2+ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

      Ca2+ storage in the terminal cisternae and relaxation of muscle

 

Term
Draw and label the components of a muscle cell, focusing on the membranes
Definition

[image]

1.  Sarcolemma is the surface plasma membrane

2. Transverse tubule (T-tubule) is an invagination of the sarcolemma

3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is like a specialized ER.  It surrounds the fibers and controls calcium storage.

4. Triad consists of two terminal cisternae of the SR surrounding a T-tubule

5. Sarcomere is the functional contractile unit

Term

Transverse tubular system (T-tubule)

1.  What's it continuous with?

2.  Are content intracellular or extracellular?

3.  Volume

4.  Relationship with other structures

5. Function

Definition

      1.   Forms extensive network within cell that is continuous with sarcolemma

 

      2.   Contents are extracellular

 

      3.   Volume is very small (ca. 0.2% of cell)

 

      4.   Intimately associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril.

 

      5.  Allows action potential to reach the interior of the cell and decreases activation                               time.

 

Term

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

1.  Location and volume

2. Components

3.  Function

4.  Pump components

5. Action

Definition

1.   Surrounds each myofibril and forms intracellular compartment of small volume (1-2% of cell).

 

      2.   Longitutinal reticulum and terminal cisternae.

 

      3.   Has high content of Ca2+ of which most is loosely bound and stored in the terminal cisternae.

 

      4.   Most of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of Ca2+ pumps.

 

      5.   Ca2+ release occurs from the terminal cisternae following depolarization of the transverse tubular membrane.

 

Term

Describe the T-tubule function of the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

 

Function = voltage

Definition

      1.   Action Potential (Na+ Channels, K+ Channels) and depolarization

 

      2.   Voltage-sensor for E-C Coupling (potential-dependent channel regulator)

 

      3.   Voltage-sensor for ECC – junctional tetrad – dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)

 

      4.   Membrane charge movement occurs in T-system – initiation of release from SR

 

      5.   Ca2+ release from SR is dependent on the T-system membrane potential (-50mV to -20mV)

 

Term

Describe the SR function of the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

 

Function = calcium transport

Definition

      1.   Ca2+ ATPase (100,000 Da)

 

      2.   High affinity for Ca2+

 

      3.   Transports Ca2+ ions into SR for each ATP hydrolyzed

 

      4.   Maintains low cytoplasmic Ca2+ and relaxation of muscle

 

Term

Describe the SR function of the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

 

Function = calcium storage

Definition

1.   Terminal cisternae site of Ca2+ storage

 

      2.   Calsequestrin low affinity high capacity Ca2+ binding protein (40-50 moles Ca2+ binds 1 mole calsequestrin protein)

 

      3.   Lowers free Ca2+ in the terminal cisternae

 

Term

Describe the SR function of the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

 

Function = calcium release

Definition

      1.   SR feet couple junctional membrane to junctional T-tubule membrane

 

      2.   Ryanodine receptor – Ca2+ release channel (560,000 Da), does not require ATP

 

Term

Describe the coupling mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

 

 

Definition

      1.   Depolarization of T-tubule membrane

 

      2.   Charge movement in the voltage sensor

 

      3.   Mechanical coupling between voltage sensor and Ca2+ release channel

 

      4.   Activation of Ca2+ release channel

 

      5.   Other mechanisms of Ca2+ release – caffeine-induced Ca2+ release

 

Term
Draw/organize the receptors at the triad for excitaiton-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
Definition

[image]

1.  A tetrad of four L-type Ca channels (DHP receptor) on the T-tubules (voltage sensor)

2.  One Ca release channel (Ryanodine receptor) of the SR

*Each L-type Ca channel interacts with the foot of one of the four subunits of the Ca release channel. 

*Depolarization in one membrane causes a conformational change and opens the calcium channel to pour out Ca.

 

Term
Labe the triad junction in an electron micrograph
Definition

[image]

1. Central t-tubule lumen

2. terminal cisternae of the SR flanking either side of the T-tubule

3. SR feet/junctional feet at the arrows spanning between the T-tubule and terminal cisternae

4.  Calsequestrin seen as electron dense dots

Term
Describe how calcium controls contraction experimentally
Definition

1.   The ATPase activity of isolated myofibrils

 

      2.   Stress development in skinned fibers is dependent on the [Ca2+]; (skinned fibers are muscle in which the plasma membrane is removed so that the cytoplasmic [Ca2+]; can be regulated by changing the bathing fluids)

 

      3.   Muscle cells maintain [Ca2+]i < 10 - 6 M at rest and rapidly increase [Ca2+];I to > 10 - 6 M on stimulation

 

Term

Define:

1. Twitch

2. Tetanus

Definition

B.  Twitch – Single action potential

 

C.  Tetanus – Producing a complete contraction

                     – temporal summation of action potentials to produce maximal force/contraction

 

Term
Draw twitch, unfused tetanus, and fused tetanus
Definition

[image]

During tetanus calcium levels are maintained at high levels and muscle maintains the contraction.

Term
Describe muscular dysgenesis (in the mdg mouse)
Definition

1.  The mouse phenotypically appears normal at birth but dies because it cannot breathe

2. There is an absence of exitation-contraction coupling (therefore, no contraction)

3.  The mouse lacks functional voltage-sensor for E-C coupling

4.  It has normal sarcoplasmic filaments, normal SR, and normal calcium release channels

5.  No equivalence found in humans

Term

Describe malignant hyperthermia (found in humans and pigs)

A. Properties

B. Testing

C. Basic defect

D. Treatment

Definition

A.  Properties  

      1.   Rare dramatic complication of anesthesia: 1:15,000 children, 1:50,000 adults

      2.   Develops during induction of anesthesia with succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics, particularly halothane

      3.   Muscle stiffness as skeletal muscle contracts and rapid rise in body temperature (body uses up lots of ATP) increase plasma K+ and leads to cardiac failure

      4.   Death 30-50% cases

 

B.  Testing

      1.   In vitro muscle preparation more sensitive to caffeine and halothane.

      2.   Genetic testing


C. Basic Defect     

      1.   Genetically determined

      2.   Basic defect appears to be disorder of regulation of Ca2+ linked to abnormal RyR (Ca2+ release channel).  The channel is mutated but not missing

      3.   Also found in pigs where halothane and stress can induce response

 

D.  Treatment

      1.   Dantrolene – muscle relaxant that blocks Ca2+ release from SR


Term

Define:

1. Calcium ATPase

2. DHPR - voltage sensor - junctional triad

3. SR feet - ryanodine receptor - Ca release channel

Definition

1.  Uses ATP energy (slow mechanism) to pump 2 calcium against the gradient.  Found at the SR membrane and pumps calcium into the SR

2.  When the membrane depolarizes, the channel (found on the T-tubule) opens to allow calcium entry. There is a mechanical connection to the calcium release channel.  Together this is ECC

3.  When activated by DHPR, the channel opens to allow calcium release from the SR.  The channel is found on the SR

Term

The muscle sodium channel is a large integral membrane protein complex.  A number of toxins are known to interact with this channel and block its function.  In the presence of one of these toxins, activation of which membrane protein would initiate muscle contraction?

     

      A.   Neuronal sodium channel

      B.   Presynaptic calcium channel

      C.  Acetylcholine receptor

      D   Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase

     E.   Transverse tubular voltage sensor

 

Definition

     E.   Transverse tubular voltage sensor

Term

During skeletal muscle relaxation calcium increases in:

 

      A.   Synaptic cleft

      B.   Myofilament space

     C.  Sarcoplasmic reticulum

      D.  Transverse tubules

      E.   Mitochondria

 

Definition

     C.  Sarcoplasmic reticulum

 

Term

A 38-year-old male is evaluated by a neurologist for muscle weakness.  As part of the evaluation, he undergoes a muscle biopsy.  The electron microscopy report returns to your office one week later and states "normal except for a marked reduction in Junctional Tetrads".  Which of the following would be a consequence of the reduction in Junctional Tetrads.

     

      A.   Prolonged muscle contraction

     B.   Reduced calcium release

      C.  Increased calcium release

      D.  Reduced endpoint potential

      E.   Increased tension

 

Definition

     B.   Reduced calcium release

 

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