Term
| Diffuse neuroendocrine system consists of what |
|
Definition
| Discrete poulations of endocrine cells in other organs |
|
|
Term
| Components of the anterior pituitary gland (3) |
|
Definition
| Pars tuberalis, intermeidate, distalis |
|
|
Term
| Anterior pituitary derived from: oral or brain ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior pituitary derived from: oral or brain ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of the pituitary gland (4) |
|
Definition
| Pars tuberalis, intermeidate, distalis, nervosa |
|
|
Term
| Anterior pituitary aka: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior pituitary aka: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclei that contribute to neurohypophysis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Supraoptic, 2) paraventricular |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei that control the adenohypophysis (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Arcuate, 2) periventricular, 3) dorsal |
|
|
Term
| Supraoptic nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paraventricular nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periventricular nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arcuate nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal nucleus: adenohypophysis or neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rathke's cysts found in which compartment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rathke's cysts are a remnant from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary blood supply to hypothalamus & infundibulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary blood supply to posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary blood supply to anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| Hypophyseal portal blood derived from superior hypophyseal a. |
|
|
Term
| Hypophyseal portal pathway (6) |
|
Definition
| S. hypophyseal a. → 1° hypophyseal plexus → long hypophyseal portal vv. → 2° hypophyseal plexus → hypophyseal vv. → cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| Somatotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyrotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticotropes: acidophil or basophil or chromophobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatotropes secrete what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammotropes/lactotrophes secrete what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropes secrete what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticotropes secrete what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal corticotrophic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatotropes, mammotropes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropes, thyrotropes, corticotropes |
|
|
Term
| Neither acidophil nor basophil are called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supraoptic nucleus cells secrete what |
|
Definition
| ADH [and a little oxytocin] |
|
|
Term
| Paraventricular nucleus cells secrete what |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin [and a little ADH] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage sites of neurohypophysis hormones |
|
|
Term
| Glial cells of the neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones of the pituitary (6) |
|
Definition
| FLAT PEG: FSH, LSH, ACTH, TSH (basophils); PRL, endorphins, GH (acidophils) |
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormones controls somatotropes (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth hormone releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyrotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corticotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormone controls gonadotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormone controls thyrotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormones controls mammotropes (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormone controls corticotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormone is NOT secreted by arcuate nucleus |
|
Definition
| TRH [implying it secretes the other 5: GHRH, somatostatin, GnRH, dopamine, CTRH] |
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormones are secreted by dorsal nucleus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trophic hormones are secreted by periventricular nucleus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells of the pineal gland secrete a hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pineal gland secretes what hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Support cells for pinealocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pineal tumors can lead to what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that make calcitonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperplasic cells of aging of the parathyroid (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Oxyphil, 2) adipocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone made by what zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol made by what zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the adrenal cortex (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Reticulara → fasciculata → glomerulosa |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the adrenals that makes catecholamines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona glomerulosa: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona reticulata: gonadocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: α, β, δ, F cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: α, β, δ, F cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin: α, β, δ, F cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70% of islet cells: α, β, γ, F cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic polypeptide: α, β, γ, F cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin inhibits what |
|
Definition
| 1) hGH, 2) glucagon, 3) insulin |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits what |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic exocrine secretion |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate growth (4; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
| hGH, androgens, T4, cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate maturation (3; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
| Cortisol, T4, testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate body mass (2; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate reproduction (4; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate behavior (2; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate substrate & mineral balance (3; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
| PTH, calcitonin, vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate metabolism (5; list probably incomplete) |
|
Definition
| Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, hGH, T4 |
|
|
Term
| Classes of hormones by chemistry (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Steroids, 2) tyrosine derivatives, 3) proteins/peptides |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progesterone: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T4: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPI: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin: steroid, tyrosine-derivative, protein/peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generic names for peptide hormone synthesis (3) |
|
Definition
| Preprohormone → prohormone → hormone |
|
|
Term
| Steroids: stored in vesicles: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tyrosine-derivatives: stored in vesicles: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins/peptides: stored in vesicles: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of hormone control (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Feedback, 2) neural, 3) chronotropic |
|
|
Term
| GPCR of hormones and their secondary messengers (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Adenylyl cyclase → cAMP, 2) calcium-calmodulin, 3) phospholipids → DAG + IP3 |
|
|
Term
| A transcription factor Schmidt mentioned that can be activated by cAMP & PKA |
|
Definition
| CREB: cAMP response element binding protein |
|
|
Term
| Non-GPCR method of signal transduction of hormones |
|
Definition
| Receptor is a tyrosine kinase |
|
|
Term
| Structure of steroid receptors as transcription factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid hormone DNA binding site has what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is genomic effects of steroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is non-genomic effects of steroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which binds to membrane receptors: steroids or peptide-amine hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diffuses through membranes: steroids or peptide-amine hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity of a hormone = |
|
Definition
| Hormone concentration for 50% of maximal effect |
|
|
Term
| What change of hormone effect is represented here [a complete downward shift] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What change of hormone effect is represented here [a complete rightward shift] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the responsiveness of a hormone is increased, then what happens to the sensitivity |
|
Definition
| It increases [though responsiveness is more about maximal effect] |
|
|
Term
| If the sensitivity of a hormone is increased, then what happens to the sensitivity |
|
Definition
| It decreases [less hormone is needed for the same effect] |
|
|
Term
| How are sensitivity & responsiveness affected by type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are unbound hormones in the blood active or not |
|
Definition
| Yes, but they can be circulated as inactive or less-active forms |
|
|
Term
| Are bound hormones in the blood active or not |
|
Definition
| No, they must dissociate from their carriers first to become active |
|
|
Term
| Which has higher affinity for a hormone: carrier protein or hormone receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are small hormones often bound to proteins in the blood |
|
Definition
| Prevent degradation and kidney excretion |
|
|
Term
| Basis of radioimmunnoassays to measure hormone levels |
|
Definition
| Simple competition with radio-marked hormones for antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Considerations/limitations of radioimmunoassays (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Altered endogenous hormone may be inactive but still bindable to antibody, 2) requires construction of a standard curve [read Dr. Wiki if you don't know what this is: not covered in this deck] |
|
|
Term
| Methods for measuring hormone concentrations (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) RIA, 2) ELISA, 3) metabolic clearance rate [read Dr. Wiki for RIA & ELISA details: not covered in this deck] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic clearance rate = |
|
Definition
| Metabolic clearance rate = rate metabolized / concentration in plasma |
|
|
Term
| High metabolic clearance rate indicates __ [low or high] plasma half-life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NOTE: be sure you know how cAMP, PKA, PKC, and friends work for signal transduction [not covered in this deck] |
|
Definition
| NOTE: be sure you know how cAMP, PKA, PKC, and friends work for signal transduction [not covered in this deck] |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the pituitary is not found in adult humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two "advantages" of the hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| 1) Rapid communication, 2) less hormone needed for same effect [i.e., stronger concentration within the portal system] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurosecretory granules in axons containing hypothalamic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Dominate cells by % in the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| Somatotroph @ 40-50% of cells |
|
|
Term
| Trophic pathway leading to cortisol secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trophic pathway leading to T4 secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trophic pathway leading to IGF-1 secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trophic pathway leading to LH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trophic pathway leading to PRL inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolactin inhibitory factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nontrophic hormone is tonically inhibited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth hormone inhibitory hormone |
|
|
Term
| Infundibulum transection: hypo- or hyperprolactinemia |
|
Definition
| Hyperprolactenemia from loss of PIF |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic hormones released: continuously or pulsatile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do hypothalamic trophic hormones cause hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of target cells: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do hypothalamic trophic hormones cause regulation of their receptors: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone inhibits itself: long, short, or ultra-short feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone inhibits its trophic hormone: long, short, or ultra-short feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone inhibits its trophic hormone's releasing hormone: long, short, or ultra-short feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH lower during childhood or old age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major metabolic effects of hGH |
|
Definition
| 1) ↑ protein synthesis, 2) ↑ adipocyte lipolysis, 3) ↑ fat utilization, 4) ↓ glucose utilization |
|
|
Term
| hGH is antagonist to which pancreatic hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH has non-trophic actions on which organs (3; ignoring "minimal effects") |
|
Definition
| 1) Adipose, 2) liver, 3) muscle |
|
|
Term
| hGH has trophic actions through what hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH has trophic actions on what organs/tissues |
|
Definition
| Pretty much all of them: kidney, pancreas, intestine, islets, parathyroids, skin, connective tissue, bone, heart, lung, chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| hGH has what general trophic actions on organs/tissues (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) ↑ size, 2) ↑ function, 3) ↑ linear growth |
|
|
Term
| hGH antagonists can do what to prevent function of hGH |
|
Definition
| Prevent dimerization of receptor |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of hGH increasing protein synthesis (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) ↑ AA transport into cell, 2) ↑ translation, 3) ↑ transcription, 4) ↓ proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| How may hGH contribute to insulin resistance |
|
Definition
| Fat mobilization from adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| Elevated levels of hGH can lead to what [related to glucose] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does hGH lead to hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
| Insulin resistance coupled to increased glucose output by liver |
|
|
Term
| How does hGH lead to bone & cartilage growth (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chondrocyte & osteogenic cell proliferation, 2) increased protein deposition, 3) epiphyseal growth, 4) osteoblast stimualtion |
|
|
Term
| Bone growth from hGH: trophic or non-trophic action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ------------- STOPPED AT PAGE 12 --------------- |
|
Definition
| ------------- STOPPED AT PAGE 12 --------------- |
|
|
Term
| Increased hGH leads to __ [increased or decreased] somatostatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased IGF's leads to __ [increased or decreased] somatostatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased IGF's leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased GHRH leads to __ [increased or decreased] GHRH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased GHRP leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased GHRH leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased somatostatin leads to __ [increased or decreased] hGH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH hyposecretion in children = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH hypersecretion in children = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hGH hypersecretion in adults = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dwarfism: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
| Hypoglycemia [intermittent] |
|
|
Term
| Gigantism: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is at a higher risk for diabetes melitus: dwarfism or gigantism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly especially increases what organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoarthritis more likely with: dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH's secondary messenger |
|
Definition
| cAMP [details of ADH & aquaporin covered in renal stuff so not covered in this deck] |
|
|
Term
| Result of ADH hyposecretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result of ADH hypersecretion |
|
Definition
| Swelling of brain, convulsions, coma |
|
|
Term
| ___ reflex caused by ___ induced by suckling by infant |
|
Definition
| Milk let down reflex by oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin-induced contractions of what (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Myoepithelium in mammary glands, 2) uterus, 3) reporudctive tract of male during ejaculation (seminferous tubules, epididymis, prostate) |
|
|
Term
| Germinal epithelium is what type of epithelium |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous-to-cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Germinal in germinal epithelium means what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue under epithelium of ovary type and name |
|
Definition
| Dense CT and called tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
| Main ovarian functions (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) OOgenesis, 2) folliculargenesis, 3) ovulation, 4) steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Which becomes uterus & oviduct: mesonephric or paramesonephric duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do oogonia become primordial follicles |
|
Definition
| By 20 weeks after being surrounded by follicular epithelia |
|
|
Term
| Primordial follicles halt in what phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of folliculargensis (5) |
|
Definition
| Primordial follicle → unilaminar primary follicle → multilaminar primary follicle → secondary/antral follicle → tertiary/mature/Graafian follicle |
|
|
Term
| Follicle's stopping point after prophase 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular cells of primary follicle stage are what type of epithelium |
|
Definition
| Simple [unilaminar] or stratified [multilaminar] cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Follicular cells gain what name at the multilaminar primary follicle stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theca interna & externa differentiate from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine cells: theca interna or externa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theca cells secrete which hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which follicle stage does it begin producing estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which follicle stage does it begin producing an antrum |
|
Definition
| Secondary/antral [hence the name "antral"] |
|
|
Term
| Stalk that connects oocyte to the follicle cells in tertiary stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thinlayer of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte in tertiary stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers oocyte to progress further through meiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes surge in estrogen prior to ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicles are inhibited from folliculargenesis by high levels of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells convert androstenedione into estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine gland left after ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of the corpus luteum (2) |
|
Definition
| Granulosa lutein & theca lutein |
|
|
Term
| Granulosa lutein cells produce what hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theca lutein cells produce what hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What keeps corpus luteum going post-fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human chorionic gonadotrophin |
|
|
Term
| On non-fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia type of uterus & oviduct |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal with cilia and peg cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uterus & oviduct: serosa or adventitia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions of the oviduct (4; in order an oocyte travels) |
|
Definition
| Infundibulum → ampulla → isthmus → intramural |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the endometrium (2; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Stratum basale → staratum functionalis |
|
|
Term
| Artery that supplies startum functionalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phases of the menstrual cycle (3; in order) |
|
Definition
| Menstrual → proliferative/follicular → secretory/luteal |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative phase: which is in higher concentration: estrogen or progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretory phase: which is in higher concentration: estrogen or progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the cervix more prone to cancer |
|
Definition
| Constant metaplasia in the transformation zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia type of endocervical mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia type of ectocervical mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zone between endocervical & ectocervical mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia type of the vagina |
|
Definition
| Non-keratinized startified squamous with glycogen |
|
|
Term
| How does the vagina become acidic |
|
Definition
| Glycogen feeds bacteria to make lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| Vagina: serosa or adventitia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms along milk lines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duct/gland structure of the mammary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of the placenta (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decidua, 2) chorion, 3) placental barrier/chorionic villus |
|
|
Term
| Components of the decidua (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Decidua basalis, 2) decidua parietalis, 3) decidua capsularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of the chorion (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Chorion frondosum, 2) chorion laeve |
|
|
Term
| Cytotrophoblast becomes absent after month __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acid for the basis of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodine is transported into follicular cells in what form: iodine or iodide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NIS transporter is in which membrane and transports what |
|
Definition
| Basal membrane: Na+/I- symporter into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Pendrin transporter is in which membrane and transports what |
|
Definition
| Apical membrane: I- out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Once-iodinated tyrosine = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Twice-iodinated tyrosine = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Megalin receptor is in which membrane and does what |
|
Definition
| Apical membrane: pinocytosis of colloid droplets |
|
|
Term
| Binding of iodine to tyrosine is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MIT & DIT pinocytosized is dealt with how |
|
Definition
| Deiodinase pulls off iodine for recycling |
|
|
Term
| Where are MIT & DIT synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein transports T3/T4 in the blood |
|
Definition
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) |
|
|
Term
| What protein transports T4 in the CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does bound T3/T4 have biological activity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major hormone in circulation: T3 or T4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more biologically active: T3 or T4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would a lesser biologically active hormone circulate instead of the more active form |
|
Definition
| Lower metabolic clearance rate → longer half life |
|
|
Term
| Major inhibition of T3/T4 is through what route |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin increases, then TSH: increases or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which activity of the thyroid does TSH not activate |
|
Definition
| None, it activates everything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Insulin, 2) glucagon, 3) hGH, 4) TSH |
|
|
Term
| Decreased environmental temperature, which hormone increases |
|
Definition
| TRH [stimulates thermogenesis] |
|
|
Term
| A possible treatment for hyperthyroidism that Schmidt didn't explicitly state |
|
Definition
| Iodide of some kind [inhibits thyroid] |
|
|
Term
| T receptor has what polymeric structure [i.e., what is it made up of] |
|
Definition
| Heterodimer of T3 receptor and RXR [RXR has no ligand!] |
|
|
Term
| Transcription for what increases due to T3 (3; key things he pointed out in lecture) |
|
Definition
| 1) Na-K pump, 2) gluconeogenic enzymes, 3) respiratory enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Does T3 promote protein catabolism or protein anabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reason for increase heat production due to T3 |
|
Definition
| Increased active transport of ions |
|
|
Term
| Does T3 promote lipolysis or lipogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does T3 promote an increase or decrease in plasma cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does T3 increase blood flow & cardiac output (3) |
|
Definition
| Increased: 1) Vasodilation, 2) tachycardia, 3) inotropy |
|
|
Term
| How does T3 increase respiration |
|
Definition
| Increased O2 demand and CO2 production |
|
|
Term
| Regarding GI tract and their effects, would T3 & PSNS be considered antagonists or not |
|
Definition
| Not since both increase GI motility & secretions |
|
|
Term
| Psychological effects of T3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletalmusculo effect of T3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess T3 in males has what reproductive effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficient T3 in males has what reproductive effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess T3 in females has what reproductive effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficient T3 in females has what reproductive effect |
|
Definition
| Menorrhagia, polymenorrhea, loss of libido |
|
|
Term
| Grave's disease: hypo- or hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grave's diesease: low or high TSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoporosis can result from long-term hypo- or hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from people who have something like Grave's disease but the antibodies are not agonists |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism: antibodies compete with TSH but do not agonize the receptor |
|
|
Term
| Myxedema is a form of: hypo- or hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cretinism is a form of: hypo- or hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myxedema symptoms (4 less obvious symptoms) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nonpitting edema, 2) thicker skin, 3) peripheral vascular disease, 4) arteriosclerosis [plus all the more obvious effects of lack of T3] |
|
|
Term
| Cretinism is found in ___ [patient population] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cretinism has a similar appearance to what |
|
Definition
| Obesity [stunted skeleton plus enlargement of soft tissues] |
|
|
Term
| Most common endocrine neoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More likely to have thyroid cancer (2 populations) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MEN2 associated with what cancer discussed in lecture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "goal" of adrenal catecholamines as far as glucose is concerned |
|
Definition
| Move glucose from liver to brain [not brain and not muscle] |
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] hepatic gluconeognesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] adipose lipolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] muscle glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] bronchiole diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] pupil diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] muscle performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased catecholamines: ___ [increased or decreased] effects on the CNS |
|
Definition
| None, catecholamines cannot cross the BBB |
|
|
Term
| NE mainly targets which receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPI targets which receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α1 adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α2 adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory of Ca2+ and cAMP |
|
|
Term
| β adrenergic receptors makes what secondary messenger effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine hydroxylase: Tyr → DOPA |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the rate-limiting step of catecholamine synthesis (2) and through what secondary messenger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the conversion from NE to EPI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common source of excess catecholamines and what is it |
|
Definition
| Pheochromocytoma; tumor of chromaffin tissue |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma: sporatic or continuous symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma symptoms (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypertension, 2) headaches, 3) sweating, 4) anxiety, 5) palpitations, 6) chest pain |
|
|
Term
| With what do pheochromocytoma symptoms vary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transports cholesterol to inner mitochondrial membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate-limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis [in mitochondria] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmolase performs what reaction |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol → pregnenolone |
|
|
Term
| Name the organelles that participate in cortisol synthesis (3) |
|
Definition
| Mitochondira → rER → mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol blood circulation: free or attached to what protein |
|
Definition
| Cortisol binding globulin aka transcortin |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone blood circulation: free or attached to what protein |
|
Definition
| Free and to plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| DHEA blood circulation: free or attached to what protein |
|
Definition
| Sex hormone binding protein |
|
|
Term
| Acute life saving adrenal steroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does aldosterone change urine [Na+]: yes or no |
|
Definition
| No, water follows Na so no concentration change |
|
|
Term
| Does aldosterone change urine [K+]: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoaldosteronism: hypo- or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoaldosteronism: hypo- or hypernatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoaldosteronism: edema or circulatory collapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor in zona glomerulosa |
|
|
Term
| Hyperaldosteronism: hypo- or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conn's syndrome: hypo- or hyperaldosteronism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperaldosteronism: hypo- or hypernatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone escape affects: sodium or potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone escape functions through what feature of the nephron |
|
Definition
| Increased GFR leads to increased Na excretion |
|
|
Term
| What keeps hyperaldosteronism from eternally expanding extracellular volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone receptor has what polymeric structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone move more sodium (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased apical sodium channels, 2) increased Na-K ATPase |
|
|
Term
| Ligands of the mineralocorticoid receptor (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of 11β-HSD2 [what enzymatic reaction] |
|
Definition
| Deactivates cortisol to cortisone |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of 11β-HSD2 [not function, but why it is present] |
|
Definition
| Reduces [cortisol] so less competition with aldosterone for the mineralocorticoid receptor |
|
|
Term
| Decreased function in 11β-HSD2 due to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mutational loss-of-function, 2) licorice |
|
|
Term
| ACTH: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin 2: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
| Inhibitor [or, rather, decreased [Na] is a stimulator via renin] |
|
|
Term
| Potassium: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANP: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine: stimulator or inhibitor of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ANP effect change of aldosterone secretion |
|
Definition
| Increases cGMP that inhibits secretion |
|
|
Term
| Key effects of cortisol (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Anti-insulin, 2) anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteolysis of muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of glycogen storage in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular glucose utilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: increase or decrease in blood glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteolysis of hepatic proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of proteogenesis of hepatic proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular amino acid import |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of cellular amino acid export |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of fat mobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cortisol affect inflammation (8; chemicals/reactions) |
|
Definition
| Inhibits formation of: 1) PAF, 2) NO, 3) arachidonic acid, 4) prostaglandins, 5) thromboxanes, 6) IL-1, 7) IL-2/-6, 8) TNFα |
|
|
Term
| How does cortisol affect lysosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cortisol affect capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cortisol affect WBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cortisol affect phagocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are cytokines affected by cortisol at the transcription factor level |
|
Definition
| Upregulation of IκBα to inhibit NFκB |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of ANP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulator or inhibitor of ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: increases or decreases REM sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: increases or decreases slow-wave sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: increases or decreases surfactant production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulates or inhibits osteoclasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: stimulates or inhibits osteoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endorphins: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NE: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: stimulator or inhibitor of cortisol secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH is a part of which larger protein |
|
Definition
| Preproopiomelanocortin (pre-POMC) |
|
|
Term
| What all is within Pre-POMC (3) |
|
Definition
| ACTH, CLIP, β-endorphin, and others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide |
|
|
Term
| When does cortisol peak during the day |
|
Definition
| Shortly after waking up [diurnal cycle] |
|
|
Term
| What polymeric structure of the glucocorticoid receptor is suppressive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polymeric structure of the glucocorticoid receptor is inductive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combined mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| 10% of those with Addison's have what other condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease: hypo- or hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia [reduced K+ secretion by aldosterone] |
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease: hypo- or hypervolemia |
|
Definition
| Hypovolemia [reduced reabsorption by aldosterone] |
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease: weight loss or weight gain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
| Hypoglycemia [increased influence of insulin] |
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease: why increased pigmentation |
|
Definition
| αMSH within ACTH stimulates melanin production |
|
|
Term
| Supressable with dexamethasone: Cushing's diesease or syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ectopic production of ACTH: Cushing's diesease or syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing's disease: hypo- or hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia [anti-insulin effect of cortisol] |
|
|
Term
| Muscle weakness: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoglycemia: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperglycemia: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Darkening of skin: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reddening of skin: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
| Cushing's [exposure of capillaries] |
|
|
Term
| Hypotension: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertension: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mobilization of fat from extremities to trunk: Addison's or Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology of hypertension in Cushing's disease |
|
Definition
| Cortisol saturates mineralocorticoid receptor causing a pseudohyperaldosteronism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Radiotherapy, 2) surgery [pituitary or adrenals], 3) inhibitory drugs of adrenal steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal androgens in adults have a larger influence on: men or women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased ACTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential adrenal hyperplasia: class form etiology |
|
Definition
| 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Congential adrenal hyperplasia: decreased or increased adrenal androgens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Self-wasting: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early development: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life-threatening: classical or non-classical congential adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenogenital syndrome etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenogenital syndrome effect in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenogenital syndrome effect in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of pancreatic blood flow is to islets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of C protein in the blood can indicate what |
|
Definition
| Absence of insulin production |
|
|
Term
| Insulin receptors are __ [highly or conservatively] expressed on cells |
|
Definition
| Highly expressed: 200-300k per cell |
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding: down- or up-regulates insulin receptors to the cell surface |
|
Definition
| Down-regulates via endocytosis of insulin receptors |
|
|
Term
| Insulin binding: decreases or increases insulin sensitivity |
|
Definition
| Decreases sensitivity via endocytosis of insulin receptors |
|
|
Term
| Is there anything about this insulin receptor activity that you shouldn't know: yes or no |
|
Definition
| NO! He spent so long on this you should even know the shade of green he used |
|
|
Term
| GLUT-4: insulin sensitive or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GLUT-2: insulin sensitive or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After insulin binds to its receptor, what is the next step in signal transduction |
|
Definition
| Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrates (e.g., PI-3 kinase) |
|
|
Term
| Effects/targets of insulin receptor substrates (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) GLUT-4 translocation, 2) activate enzymes, 3) inactivate enzymes, 4) mitogenic signals → transcription factors, 5) membrane signals |
|
|
Term
| Insulin receptor: which subunit(s) bind to insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| β subunits of the insulin receptor have what kinase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin reduces what secondary messenger and how |
|
Definition
| cAMP through phosphodiesterase |
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of magnesium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases permeability of phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases hepatic glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases blood glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases blood amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases blood ketoacids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases blood glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: increases or decreases blood free fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glycogenolysis; and by affecting what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glucokinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin's effects on adipocytes (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased GLUT-4, 2) increased lipogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Ketosis under __ [low or high] levels of insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver makes phospholipids & cholesterol under __ [low or high] levels of insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: proteogenic or proteolytic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin & hGH: friends or enemies |
|
Definition
| Friends: they synergize to promote growth |
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity of insulin to glucose [looking for numbers here] |
|
Definition
| 50% response at about 140 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| Insulin release is described how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arg & Lys: stimulates or inhibits insulin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arg & Lys: stimulates or inhibits glucagon release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other hormones in general: stimulates or inhibits insulin release |
|
Definition
| Stimulates [specifically mentioned: gastrointestinal, hGH, cortisol] |
|
|
Term
| How does glucose induce insulin release (6 steps) |
|
Definition
| Glc → Glc-6-P → ATP → inhibits KATP → opens voltage-sensitive Ca channels → exocytosis of insulin granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP-sensitive potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| Glucose causes β cell membrane: depolarization or hyperpolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α-adrenergy & somatostatin inhibits β cells via |
|
Definition
| Gi subunit that decreases cAMP |
|
|
Term
| CCK & ACh stimulate β cells via |
|
Definition
| Gs subunit that increases IP3 |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon, GLP-1, & β-adrenergy stimulates β cells via |
|
Definition
| Gs subunit that increases cAMP |
|
|
Term
| Congenital glucokinase deficiency leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits insulin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits glucagon release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits glycogenogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits adipocyte lipogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits adipocyte lipolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits ketogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits ketogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: increases or decreases blood glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: increases or decreases blood amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: increases or decreases blood glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: increases or decreases blood ketoacids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: increases or decreases blood free fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin & glucagon both work to decrease what in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon: stimulates or inhibits somatostatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin: stimulates or inhibits somatostatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin/glucagon ratio: postprandial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin/glucagon ratio: fasting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin/glucagon ratio: basal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin/glucagon ratio: neonates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(s) increase amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(s) doesn't affect amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(s) decreases glucose in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(s) decreases fatty acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(s) decreases amino acids in the blood: insulin, glucagon, EPI, cortisol, somatotropin |
|
Definition
| Insulin, glucagon, somatotropin |
|
|
Term
| Lack of secretion of insulin: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin insensitivity: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proposed causes of type 1 DM (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Viruses, 2) autoimmunity, 3) hereditary tendency for degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Which REQUIRES insulin therapy: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is generally has a slow onset: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is most represented in children: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
| Type 1 DM [90% of children with diabetes] |
|
|
Term
| Which is most prevalent: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
| Type 2 DM [90% of all DM cases] |
|
|
Term
| Likely etiology of insulin-resistance in type 2 DM |
|
Definition
| Altered insulin receptor substrates (IRS1/2) |
|
|
Term
| Which is most likely to have ketosis: type 1 or 2 DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key pathologic feature of DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key pathologic consequence of hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosuria causes what water balance symptoms (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Polyuria, 2) polydipsia, 3) polyphagiaw |
|
|
Term
| Why is weight loss associated with DM |
|
Definition
| Lack of uptake of glucose and glycosuria leads to loss and inability to use calories |
|
|
Term
| Why is asthenia associated with DM |
|
Definition
| Loss of protein → weakness (aka asthenia) |
|
|
Term
| Type of abnormal respiration associated with acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there an increased incidence of atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, & coronary heart disease associated with DM |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (increased blood lipids) since insulin promotes decreased lipids in blood |
|
|
Term
| Why is neuropathy, nephropathy, and skin ulcers associated with DM |
|
Definition
| Glycosylation of proteins (including HbA1c) that causes tissue damage (e.g., sclerosis of the glomerulus) |
|
|
Term
| Short term regulation of food intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long term regulation of food intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T4: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Orexigenic [increased basal metabolic rate] |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Orexigenic [promotes growth] |
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Orexigenic [stimulates hGH] |
|
|
Term
| Adiponectin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Orexigenic [made by adipocytes; inversely proportional to body fat] |
|
|
Term
| NPY: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Orexigenic [appetite and lipogenesis in adipocytes] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CRH: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [acts in opposition to cortisol, which seems weird] |
|
|
Term
| Leptin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [increases with body fat as indicator of body size] |
|
|
Term
| Obestatin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [antagonist to hGH secretion] |
|
|
Term
| GLP-1: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [secreted in presence of food in intestinal lumen] |
|
|
Term
| CCK: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [secreted in presence of food in intestinal lumen] |
|
|
Term
| Insulin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [hyperglycemia → stop eating] |
|
|
Term
| Peptide YY: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [aka pancreatic peptide YY; structurally related to pancreatic peptide] |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic polypeptide: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [secreted in response to protein-rich meal] |
|
|
Term
| Oxyntomodulin: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
| Anorexigenic [secreted by colon; binds to GLP-1 receptor] |
|
|
Term
| Possible biomecular connection between obesity & type 2 DM |
|
Definition
| UCP-2 causing decreased β cell depolarization → deficiency of insulin |
|
|
Term
| Differential between hypoglycemic/hyperinsulin coma and diabetic coma |
|
Definition
| Diabetic coma has acetone breath and Kassumaul respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules → tubuli recti → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejeculatory duct → urethra |
|
|
Term
| Testes capsule layers (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Tunica albuginea → visceral tunica vaginalis → parietal tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| Tunica vaginalis comes from what abdominal layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Origin of septa in testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica propria contains what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces peristaltic waves in seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells found in the seminiferous epithelium (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Supporting/Sertoli, 2) spermatogenic |
|
|
Term
| Types of sparmatogonia type A cells (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are progenitor cells: type A pale or dark |
|
Definition
| Spermatognia type A pale divide to make more type A pale or type B; type A dark make dark & pale cells |
|
|
Term
| What drives __ [mitosis or meiosis] in spermatogonia type A pale cells |
|
Definition
| Type A pale undergo mitosis under testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What produces 1° spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| Spermatogonia type B cells |
|
|
Term
| What produces spermatogonia type B cells |
|
Definition
| Spermatogonia type A pale cells |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to make 1° spermatocytes [from previous stage] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1° spermatocytes undergo: mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2° spermatocytes undergo: mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to make 2° spermatocytes [from previous stage] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to make spermatids [from previous stage] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermiogenesis creates ___ and ___ from what cells |
|
Definition
| Spermatids → residual bodies & spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| Mature male gametes aka ["sperm" is not the answer, but close] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells have the largest nuclei in the seminiferous epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells rarely seen in histo slides |
|
Definition
| 2° spermatocytes [divide in only 6 hours vs. 24 days for 1°] |
|
|
Term
| True epithelium of the seminiferous tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that get rid of residual bodies of spermatids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone secretes by Sertoli cells (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that causes ABP to be released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibin inhibits secretion of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood-testis barrier is formed by ___ between ___ cells |
|
Definition
| Tight junctions between Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| Between what spermatogenic cells does the blood-testes barrier form |
|
Definition
| Between spermatognia (2N) and spermatocytes (1N) |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine cells found between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| Leydig/interstitial cells |
|
|
Term
| Leydig cells secrete what hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of tubuli recti |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of rete testis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of efferent ductules |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of epididymis |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle thickness is thinnest at: head or tail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of ductus deferens |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| Muscle layers of the ductus deferens & their orientation (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Inner longitudinal → middle circular → outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| Fluid-secreting glands of the male GU tract (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Seminal vesicles, 2) prostate, 3) bulbourethral/Cowper's, 4) Littré |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium type of seminla vesicle |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar → columnar |
|
|
Term
| Which gland contributes the most volume to the ejaculate and what % |
|
Definition
| 70% is by seminal vesicles [according to Swailes]; 70% by prostate [according to Schmidt in male repro hormones lecture] |
|
|
Term
| Zones of the prostate (4) |
|
Definition
| Central, peripheral, transitional, periurethral |
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is where the urethra passes through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is the bulk of the gland and what % |
|
Definition
| 70% is the peripheral zone |
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is the most common site for prostatic adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is palpable during a DRE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is the most common site for benign prostatic hyperplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the prostate is aglandular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries are dilated during erection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH: increases or decreases blood calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH: increases or decreases blood phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin: increases or decreases blood calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin: increases or decreases blood phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH on kidneys: increases or decreases __ [filtration, secretion, reabsorption] of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are osteoblasts activated by PTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are osteoclasts activated by PTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid response due to PTH is through what process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow response due to PTH is through what process |
|
Definition
| Activation of osteoclasts: existing and new osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| How do osteoclasts bind to bone |
|
Definition
| Integrins [osteoclast] bind to vitronectin [bone] |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of H+ for osteoclasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary messenger effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts |
|
Definition
| Activates PKA that inhibits bone reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| PTH on kidneys: increases or decreases __ [filtration, secretion, reabsorption] of phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxycholcalciferol |
|
|
Term
| How does PTH increase absorption of Ca & phosphate from the intestine |
|
Definition
| Indirectly through vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Increase of calcium: increase or decrease in PTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition leads to a right-ward shift of the the PTH response curve [shown in blue] |
|
Definition
| Familial herpcalcemic hypocalciuria |
|
|
Term
| What is the feedback substance that regulates PTH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits PTH exocytosis in the parathyroid [biomolecularly; include receptor and effectors] |
|
Definition
| GPCR that causes 1) Ca release from rER, 2) PKC activation |
|
|
Term
| If the GPCR controlling PTH secretion had a loss of function: hypo- or hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| Loss of function makes less sensitive to calcium → hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| If the GPCR controlling PTH secretion had a gain of function: hypo- or hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| Gain of function makes more sensitive to calcium → hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| Muscular excitability: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biomolecular explanation for hypocalcemia causing muscular excitability |
|
Definition
| Increases excitability and Na channels open more quickly |
|
|
Term
| Muscular effects of hypoparathyroidism (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Carpopedal tetany, 2) laryngeal asphyxiation, 3) first-degree heart block, 4) tingling in fingers/toes |
|
|
Term
| Tx of hypoparathyroidism (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vitamin D + calcium, 2) PTH can be used but has a very high metabolic clearance rate so not very effective |
|
|
Term
| Muscular weakness: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart block: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac arrest: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteitis fibrosa cystica: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevated alkaline phosphatase: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism [Schmidt made a point about this: KNOW IT] |
|
|
Term
| CaPO4 & CaC2O4 kidney stones: hypo- or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What decreases osteolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If calcitonin is not that important in humans, why can it treat osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin still functions, it's just not that important, and it inhibits osteoclasts to reduce bone density loss |
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin: minor or major affector of calcium handling in kidnety & intestine |
|
Definition
| Minor [so minor he didn't explain its effects] |
|
|
Term
| CGRP is transcriptionally associated with what hormone |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin [the name gives it away completely: CGRP=Calcitonin gene related peptide] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcitonin gene related peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is not a steroid, but rather a |
|
Definition
| Secosteroid [cholesterol/steroid B ring is opened up in vitamin D] |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D blood circulation: free or attached to what protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of vitamin D involves what organs (3; in order of synthesis pathway) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which organ does PTH affect vitamin D synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D receptor has what polymeric structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transports calcium through intestinal epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genomic effect of vitamin D |
|
Definition
| 1) Calbindin, 2) Ca2+ pump, 3) Na-Ca exchanger, 4) Ca channels |
|
|
Term
| Major route that Ca2+ leaves intestinal lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Ca2+ leave the basolateral membrane in the intestine (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) 3Na-Ca antiporter, 2) H-Ca antiportin pump |
|
|
Term
| How does PO4 enter the apical membrane in the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does PO4 leave the basolateral membrane in the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal levels of vitamin D promote ___ in bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High levels of vitamin D promote ___ in bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are osteoblasts activated by vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are osteoclasts activated by vitamin D |
|
Definition
| Cytokine from osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inactive form of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypocalcemia, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypophosphatemia, which is made from 25-OH-D: 1,25 or 24,24 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia stimulate which hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does 24,25-(OH)2-D3 stimulate 1,25-(OH)2-D3 production, or does 1,25 stimulate 24,25 production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of bone mineral density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural history of rickets can lead to what cause of death |
|
Definition
| Tetany of respiratory muscles [he said laryngeal mm. in lecture, but notes say respiratory mm.] |
|
|
Term
| Steatorrhea: vitamin D deficiency or toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital hypophosphatemia aka |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D resistant rickets |
|
|
Term
| Tx of congenital hypophosphatemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General problems of being vitamin D deficient |
|
Definition
| 1) Cancers, 2) hypertension, 3) cardio disease, 4) osteoarthritis, 5) immune: MS/type 1 DM/rheumatoid arthritis, 6) arterial stiffness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased FSH & LH secretion |
|
|
Term
| What expresses aromatase (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ovaries, 2) adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| Hormone that induces puberty by controlling what hormone |
|
Definition
| Kisspeptin (Kiss-1) stimulates GnRH |
|
|
Term
| Kisspeptin abnormalities can cause |
|
Definition
| Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism |
|
|
Term
| 3 enzymes you are supposed to know |
|
Definition
| Desmolase, aromatase, 5α-reductase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicular → ovulation → luteal |
|
|
Term
| Is menstruation a part of the ovarian cycle: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: FSH does what |
|
Definition
| Name says it: follicle stimulation (i.e., growth of follicles) |
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: what do 1° follicles secrete in response to FSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: how do follicles amplify the effects of estradiol & FSH |
|
Definition
| Upregulation of receptors |
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: what causes theca cell growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: what causes theca cells to make androgens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: what converts androgens into estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular phase: overall, the dominant follicle is one that is best at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the estrogens (3) |
|
Definition
| Estradiol, estriol, estrone |
|
|
Term
| Which has aromatase activity: theca or granulosa cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-ovulation, what produces estrogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-ovulation, why does LH levels fall (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Estrogens inhibit LH, 2) progesterone inhibits GnRH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibin is made by the placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibin is made by the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibin is made by granulosa cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulosa cells are like which: Sertoli or Leydig |
|
Definition
| Sertoli: controls microenvironment and is stimulated by FSH & main sex hormone; both secrete inhibin B |
|
|
Term
| Theca cells are like which: Sertoli or Leydig |
|
Definition
| Leydig: produces androgens and is stimulated by LH to do so |
|
|
Term
| Pre-ovulation, why does estrogen increase |
|
Definition
| Growth of follicles comes with increased estrogen production |
|
|
Term
| What causes the FSH+LH spike at ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the increases FSH+LH spike at ovulation do to non-dominant follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-ovulation, what produces progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the corpus luteum need to survive beyond a week or so |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is hCG similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If inhibin B inhibits FSH, then why is it secreted during follicular phase |
|
Definition
| Dominant follicle uses inhibin B to inhibit other follicles |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't the dominant follicle not succumb to inhibin B |
|
Definition
| Increases estroen & FSH receptors makes it more sensitive to E & FSH so it can 'tolerate' FSH inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Why does inhibin A decrease at the start of menstruation |
|
Definition
| No more source of inhibin A due to absence of fertilization |
|
|
Term
| If estogen inhibits LH then how does the LH surge happen to cause ovulation |
|
Definition
| High enough estrogen concentration leads to stimulation of LH |
|
|
Term
| What releases proteolytic enzymes to facilitate ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't the pre-ovulation LH cause luteinization of follicles |
|
Definition
| Luteinization-inhibition factor in the "preovulatory fluid" |
|
|
Term
| Corona radiata is made up of: theca or granulosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GnRH: continuous or pulsatile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A possible reason why women are shorter than men |
|
Definition
| Earlier closing of epiphyseal plates due to estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Estrogens cause slight __ [increase or decrease] in total body protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bound to ligand-free estrogen receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of progesterone (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Secretory changes in endometrium, 2) inhibit contractions, 3) oviduct secretions for ovum nutrition, 4) mammary growth |
|
|
Term
| Loss of progesterone during pregnancy results in what |
|
Definition
| Loss of progesterone's effects which includes maintenance of pregnancy (i.e., loss of pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| RU 486 (Mifepristone) does what |
|
Definition
| Progesterone receptor antagonist [step 1 material] |
|
|
Term
| Is ovulation a part of the endometrial cycle: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes growth of endometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onset of menstruation is due to |
|
Definition
| Loss of estrogens & progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leukocytes during menstruation makes more resistant to infection |
|
|
Term
| What system influences/controls GnRH secretion |
|
Definition
| Limbic system via hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates FSH & LH secretion to cause ovulation |
|
Definition
| Increased sensitivity of GnRH through high estradiol that causes GnRH secretion that leads to GnRH receptor up-regulation in pituitary (GnRH secretion patern changes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trophoblast → syncytiotrophoblast cells [depending on stage of gestation] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Hot flashes, 2) psychic sensation of dyspnea, 3) irritability, 4) fatigue, 5) anxiety |
|
|
Term
| Osteoporosis treatments (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Estrogen, 2) calcitonin, 3) vitamin D, 4) hPTH(1-34) |
|
|
Term
| What doesn't estrogen enlarge during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| Seems it enlarges everything relevant: uterus, mammary, external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What do hCG, TSH, LH, & FSH have in common molecularly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ligands of the LH receptor (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes fetal testes to secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the catch with the placenta making estrogens |
|
Definition
| It cannot synthesize androgens and those come from fetal adrenal glands & liver |
|
|
Term
| DOC is made by ___ from progesterone from ___ |
|
Definition
| By kidneys from placental progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Effects of fetal cortisol (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Lung maturation, 2) liver glycogen production |
|
|
Term
| hCS is similar to what hormones (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human chorionic somatomammotropin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Protein deposition, 2) growth of fetus, 3) decreases insulin sensitivity, 4) decreases Glc utilization in mother, 5) maternal free fatty acid release |
|
|
Term
| Hormones leading to tendon relaxation (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone prepares a uterus for "successful extrauterine life" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does progesterone inhibit contractions |
|
Definition
| Decreases sensitivity of estrogen, oxytocin, & prostaglandins in the myometrium |
|
|
Term
| What fetal hormones promote parturition (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Oxytocin, 2) ACTH, 3) estrogens, 4) less progesterone, 5) prostaglandins [3-5 induced by ACTH] |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in oxytocin receptors late in pregnancy |
|
Definition
| Estrogen [responsiveness increases 100x] |
|
|
Term
| Cervical stretch stimulates release of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandin production is increased late in pregnancy due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be formed intermittently at the time of nursing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does having twins induce labor (vs. single) |
|
Definition
| Increased stretch induces contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that stimulate breast growth (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Progesterone, 2) estrogen, 3) hGH, 4) cortisol, 5) insulin [plus effects by PRL & oxytocin] |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of milk production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Nutrients (protein, lactose, fat, Ca, PO4), 2) immunoglobulins, 3) hormones |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of milk secretion (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nipple stimulation effects post-pregnancy (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) PRL release (10x), 2) GnRH inhibition, 3) FSH & LH inhibition, 4) oxytocin release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolactin releasing factor |
|
|
Term
| __°C temperature change in testes relative to body temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent heat exchanger of the testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase in temperature, the cremaster muscle: contracts or relaxes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failed descent of fetal testis into scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone influences where: spermatogenesis or spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estradiol influences where: spermatogenesis or spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells convert testosterone into estradiol: Sertoli or Leydig |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps keeps testosterone & estradiol in the seminiferous tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the blood-testes barrier, what else keeps T cells out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances that drives male phenotype gender expression (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Müllerian-inhibiting substance |
|
|
Term
| Where do sperm finish maturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ made by ___ makes cervical mucus more receptive to sperm movement |
|
Definition
| Prostaglandins made by the seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Sperm count at which infertility is indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semen includes what clottable protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of sperm from expulsion to fertilization (4) |
|
Definition
| Emission → ejaculation → capcitation → acrosome reaction [ok ok, what verb other than "expulsion" would you use for this question???] |
|
|
Term
| Why are Leydig cells like theca cells of the follicle |
|
Definition
| Both produce androgens at the behest of LH |
|
|
Term
| Why are Sertoli cells like granulosa cells of the follicle |
|
Definition
| Both control microenvironment and produce main sex steroid; both secrete inhibin B |
|
|
Term
| What converts testosterone into DHT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts testosterone into estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone blood circulation: free or attached to what protein |
|
Definition
| Sex steroid-binding globulin or albumin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order from highest to lowest plasma testosterone concentration: gestation, neonate, infant/child, adult, late senior (say 90 years old) |
|
Definition
| Adult > gestation > senior > neonate > infant/child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in male sexual function due to decline in testosterone |
|
|
Term
| With old age, testosterone __ [increases or decreases] and LH __ [increases or decreases] |
|
Definition
| Testosterone decreases; LH does not always increase |
|
|
Term
| Male secondary sexual characteristics caused by |
|
Definition
| Testosterone [see lecture notes for list of secondary sexual characteristics] |
|
|
Term
| DHT receptor has what polymeric structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a tissue doesn't have 5α-reductase, can DHT's precursor still have an effect: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, testosterone has plenty of effects [fetal development, skeletomuscular stuff, spermatogenesis, libido, deepening of voice] |
|
|
Term
| Bening prostatic hypertrophy typically has what symptom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant prostatic cancers usually stimulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tall, infantile genitiles, soft skin |
|
|
Term
| Adiposogenital syndrome symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypergonadism: short or tall stature |
|
Definition
| Short: early epiphyseal closing |
|
|
Term
| Teratomas are "wild cards" [my words] and can result in (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Gynecomastia from extra estrogens, 2) hCG leading to higher testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Heart shows what morphological change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EDV: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ESV: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EDP: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac compliance: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ejection fraction: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma volume: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases by ~50% [upward of 5 L] |
|
|
Term
| Risk of anemia: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renin-angiotensin system: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac output: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases [CO=7-12 L/min] |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac output changes due to (2) |
|
Definition
| Increased stroke volume & heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Uterine blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breast & skin blood flow vs. non-pregnant: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain blood flow: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver blood flow: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systolic BP: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic BP: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases 10 mmHg by 28 weeks then rebounds |
|
|
Term
| Systolic BP in LL decubitus: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diastolic BP in LL decubitus: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse pressure: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Slight increase in early third trimester |
|
|
Term
| Systemic vascular resistance: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cause of systemic vascular resistance change (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Progesterone, 2) prostaglandins, 3) placental shunt, 4) NO |
|
|
Term
| Plasma osmotic pressure: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central venous pressure: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mean arterial BP: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General circulation volume before & during contraction: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postpartum cardiac output: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases 60-80% due to 1) loss of IVC obstruction by uterus, 2) autotransfusion from uterus, 3) rapid mobilization of extravascular fluid |
|
|
Term
| How long for cardiac output to return to normal after delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long for left atrium to return to normal after delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long for left ventricle to return to normal after delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates respiratory centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Displacement of diaphragm changes residual capacity: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tidal volume: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory rate: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Same [DON'T GET THIS ONE WRONG] |
|
|
Term
| Ventillation: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to tidal volume, not respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| Blood CO2: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases due to hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen affinity for hemoglobin: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases: combination of increased affinity from alkalosis but moreso decreased from 2,3-DPG |
|
|
Term
| Blood pH: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases: mild alkalosis @ 7.44 |
|
|
Term
| Which is often more dilated: left or right ureter & kidney |
|
Definition
| Right due to compression by uterus |
|
|
Term
| How long for hydronephrosis & hydroureter to return to normal after delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GFR: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to CO & afferent+efferent arteriole dilation |
|
|
Term
| Serum creatinine: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases due to increased GFR |
|
|
Term
| Serum urea: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases due to increased GFR |
|
|
Term
| Renal sodium excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to progesterone [inhibits aldosterone], prostaglandins, ANP |
|
|
Term
| Renal potassium excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases due to inhibition of potassium excretion by progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Renal calcium excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Same: balanced resorption from intestine [calcitriol] and increased renal clearance |
|
|
Term
| Renal glucose excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to impaired reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Renal uric acid excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to increased GFR & reduced reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Renal amino acid excretion: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to unknown reason [he mentioned specific amino acids — CFKLY & taurine — but we don't have to know them] |
|
|
Term
| Total body water content: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases significantly: 6-7 L extravascular, 2 L intravascular |
|
|
Term
| Coaguable state: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to progesterone increasing TF and plasminogen activator inhibitor expression and a few other reasons [DON'T GET THIS ONE WRONG] |
|
|
Term
| Fibrinogen: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factor 7,8, 9, 10, vWF: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prothrombin: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factor 5: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factor 11: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein S: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases to 60-70% normal |
|
|
Term
| Ability to activate protein C: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases (i.e., increase in resistance to activated protein C) |
|
|
Term
| Venous stasis: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Increases due to IVC compression and other reasons |
|
|
Term
| Risk of DVT: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Striae gravidarum due to what molecularly |
|
Definition
| Separation & stretching of collagen in abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| Linea nigra is where and made of what |
|
Definition
| Midsagittal line through the umbilicus due to increased melanocytes & MSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| Cholasma would be found where and caused by what |
|
Definition
| On the face; due to increased MSH |
|
|
Term
| Chadwick's sign would be found where and caused by what |
|
Definition
| Vagina, cervix, labia due to venous congestion & estrogen effect |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle tension: increases, same, or decreases |
|
Definition
| Decreases everywhere due to progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Increased coagulation factors, 2) increased fibrinogen, 3) ligament laxity, 4) stimulates growth of breast ducts, 5) postpartum withdrawal leads to lactation |
|
|
Term
| Effects of progesterone (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Maintain pregnancy, 2) conserve potassium, 3) smooth muscle relaxant, 4) hyperventilation, 5) hypertrophy of breast alveolae, 6) postpartum withdrawal leads to lactation |
|
|
