Term
| What are the three branches of Agriculture? |
|
Definition
| Agronomy, Forestry, Horticulture |
|
|
Term
| What does Horticulture emphasize? |
|
Definition
| labor, agrochemcials and water, seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Every single plant has value |
|
|
Term
| What was the first place humans came for agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some species cultivated in america? |
|
Definition
| Maize (sweet corn), potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanut, cocoa, tobacco, tomato, poinsettia |
|
|
Term
| What are the scientific names of your plants? |
|
Definition
Bird Cherry - dicot - Prunus avium
Cork Oak - dicot - Quercus suber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowers, most imported from Columbia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enhance environmental conditions for plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arboriculture (care of urban trees)
-landscape design and horticulture
-interior design |
|
|
Term
| Monetary value of Hort crops and animals graphs? |
|
Definition
| Overall increasing, but in recent years decreasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grapes, apples, strawberries, oranges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| almond, walnut, pistachio |
|
|
Term
| How much percent of Ag exports is horticulture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much percent of Ag imports is horticulture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Swedish
-"artificial" catagorozation based on natural principles
-modern classification based on DNA analysis
-scientific names (same around the world) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Kingdom
2. Division
3. Class (-ae)
4. Subclass
5. Order (-ales)
6. Family (-aceae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Genus
2. Specific epithet
3. Forma
4. Variety
5. Cultivar
6. Hybrid (binomial species x binomial species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almost all horticultural plants are flowering plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-First attempt at classification of plants
-4 catagories:
-trees
-shrubs
-half shrubs
-herbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-binomial system: developed to classify plants according to sexual systems and flower structure
-23 classes of flowering and non flowering plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Self supporting: herbs vs trees and shrubs
B: Climbing vines vs lianas |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between vines and lianas? |
|
Definition
| Vines include both herbacious and woody plants and liana refers to a woody vine. |
|
|
Term
| What would grapes be classified as? |
|
Definition
| Vine, because it is herbacious and not a woody vine |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of perennial plants? |
|
Definition
| Asparagus, artichoke, tomatoes, strawberries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a special kind of fruit with a hard shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut flowers, pot plants, nursery, turfgrass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-main meal
-leaves, petioles, stems, taproots, hypocotyl, reproductive tissue, fruits, seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical support, cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everything that's inside the cell
-encased in membrane (plasmalemma)
-plasmodesmata (tiny channels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-w or wo ribosomes
-manufactures proteins |
|
|
Term
| The plant taxonomic system is... |
|
Definition
| an artificial categorization based on morphological principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy center, consumes carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-place where photosynthesis happens
-chloropast
-chlorophyll
-carotyne (carrots) + lycopene (tomatoes)
-zanto cyanine (petals on flowers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non differential
a. root tips (grows from root)
b. main & lateral shoot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (grass and mow) - will regrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary growth and conducting tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Photosynthesis
2. Storage-rich in nutrients
3. Classification + ID
- based on shape, edges, arrangement around the stem, vein arrangement |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT DIAGRAM OF PLANT LEAVES |
|
Definition
| DID YOU? (slide 2 on structure ppt) |
|
|
Term
| Protection layer of leaf? |
|
Definition
| cuticle, epidermis, stoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-waxy materials
-reduce water loss
-block pathogen entrance
-restrict UV light penetration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -outer protective layer of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-opening in leaves for gas exchange
-located underside of leaf
-open/close turgor guard cells
-controlled mostly by water content
-open at day, close at night
- 90% of water absorbed water will leave plants through stoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-layer of cells between epidermis layers
-palisade layer (contains mostchloroplast)
-spongy layer (some chloroplats, gas exchange, storage)
-location of vascular bundle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Xylem
-roots to shoots
-water & dissolved nutrients
Phloem
-transports photosynth products to rest of plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-support for plants
-allows leaves to reach sun
-transport water + nutrients from root to leaf & vice versa
-nutrient storage
-carbon sink |
|
|
Term
| Where does stem not perform main function? |
|
Definition
| When it needs artificial support, ie vines and lianas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hard, do not welt in low water
-trees, shrubs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-green & soft
-stand upright with water pressure
-usually annuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Epidermis: outer most layer & provides protection
-Cork: waxy materials to prevent water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Xylem, Phloem, Cambium (also, heartwood, sapwood, pith) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -water and nutrient transport from ROOTS to STEM AND LEAVES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transport photosynthesis products from LEAVES to ROOTS
-transport storage compounds to above ground parts
-innermost layer of bark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thin, actively growing tissue located between xylem and phloem
-produces cells for both layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new active xylem, vascular cambium and phloem (sap is collected from phloem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-center of the stem with cells that have large space for storage
-as stem ages, these cells die |
|
|
Term
| What part of cinnamon do we eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules stick to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we attract water to roots of plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When there's a drought, what do tree rings do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-food storage, artificial selection for lateral meristem growth
-Kolerabi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-short stems found on woody limbs adapted for increased fruit production
-attachment where flower will be formed
-Apple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other (underground stem)
-Tulip, onions, garlic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stem that grows horizontally with nodes ABOVE soil surface (BELOW is a TUBER)
-roots on lower surface
-shoots on upper surface
-Strawberries (ABOVE)
-Potatoes (BELOW) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-underground stems w nodes
-produce roots on low surface
-shoots above ground
EX: iris, hops, aparagus, lotus, tumeric, ginger, bamboo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-food storage, short, thick stem, rhizome or stolon
EX: potato (stolon)
EX: ginger (rhizome)
EX: sweet potato (true root) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anchoring the plant
-absorbs water/nutrients from soil
-can be as much as half the plant mass
-store products of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary > lateral > hairs > tip > cap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-physical anchor
-points of direct uptake in plant roots
-storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients can be taken up into the symplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| barrier for uncontrolled uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can potassium do in the root surface area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-straight down, good for exploring soil
-starch molecules attracted by gravity
-store products of photosyth
-DICOTS (beans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-good for anchoring
-many branches of similar sizes
-helps prevent erosion
-MONOCOT (corn & grass) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-roots in unusual place
-aerial roots |
|
|
Term
| What is pericycle needed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweet potato (=root, irish potaotr is stem) |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that affect root surface area? |
|
Definition
-thinner, multiple roots have more surface area per unit volume
-root branching - lateral roots
-root hairs (contrib 75% total root SA)
-association with mycorrhizae
-80% nutrient uptake
-most effective under low nutrient
-P inhibit development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increase root mass and SA
-lateral roots develop from the pericycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-epidermal outgrowth/extension
-contribute 75% of total root SA
-primary points of nutrition absorption
-growth affected by nutrient supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-80% nutrient uptake in most plants
-most effective under low nutrient conditions
-P inhibit development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sheath around root tip
-hyphae do not penetrate plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extends surface area of roots
-penetrates plant cells (widespread) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in purple coloring of the leaves |
|
|
Term
| Apoplastic movement in roots? |
|
Definition
-space outside cell membrane
-constituted by cell walls
-intercellular spaces
-solutes move through diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Symplastic movement in roots? |
|
Definition
| -space inside the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Two natural ways for plant reproduction: |
|
Definition
1. Sexual: gamete (sperm & egg)
2. Asexual: vegetative (no gametes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Propagation, mediated by humans (ie, taking cuttings) |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria gets sugars from a plant and gives what in return? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
involves fertilization, which takes place in the flower and leads to the formation of a zygote that becomes a seed
-fertilization occurs when the two gametes unite (sperm nucleus and egg nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-complete flower
-contains both male and female organs
-corn, soybean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-incomplete flower
-contains male or female organs
-willow and date palm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male reproductive organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the female reproductive organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calyx: united sepals
Corolla: united petals |
|
|
Term
| What does the zygote become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endosperm become? |
|
Definition
| food stored for early development of embryo (fluffy part of popcorn) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. DNA replication
2. Pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes
3. Bivalents line up on the spindle
4. Share the DNA stuff
5. Split
-creates 4 haploid cells, 3 die
-1 haploid = 8 nuclei
-1 nucleus = fertilizaed & become zygote
-2 become endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. DNA replicaion
2. duplicated chromorsomes line up individullly on the spindle
3. cell division 1
4. cell division 2 |
|
|
Term
| What happens with meosis in the anther? |
|
Definition
-creates haploid cells that develop into pollen grain
-haploid cell in pollen grain = 2 nuclei
-1 nuceus = tube nuclus
-1 nucleus =divide again to make 2 sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manipulation of sexual propigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removing or covering of male organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in genetic mutation (applying stress to produce beneficial trait) CULTIVAR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollen from same plant won't pollinate (mutsu apples) must have close cultivar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollen from the same plant can result in fertilization of the egg in same plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollen grains can reach the stigma on the same tree, but the pollen may or may not fertilize the egg in the same plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some benefits of sexual propagation? |
|
Definition
1. usually the only method of producing new varieties or cultivars
2. Often the cheapest and easiest method of producing large numbers of plants
3. allows for avoiding certain diseases
4. may be the only way to propagate some species |
|
|
Term
| What is hybrid vigor (heterosis)? |
|
Definition
| offspring of cross become better than parents (true for both animals and plants) |
|
|
Term
| What are some benefits of asexual propagation? |
|
Definition
1. reproduction w/o a seed
2. essentially cloning a plant into an identical copy of both phenotype and genotype
4. genetically superior plants can be reproduced without losing their superiority
4. faster growing than with a seed
5. corss pollination mutation = better seedless fruit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creating plant clones, can propagate the initial one into hundreds or thousands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ovule, result of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hard shell that contains both the fruit and the seed
-fruit does not open to release the seed
-EX: chestnuts, hazelnuts, acorns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-type of fruit with an outer fleshy part that surrounds a shell (pit)
-contains seed inside
-EX: walnuts, almonds, pecans, coconut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which seeds become new plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dormant for various periods of time
-preservation with cold temperature |
|
|
Term
| Do common vegetables have dormancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves to assure that the seeds will not germinate when the conditions are not favorable for the developing embryo and young plant |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for true dormancy |
|
Definition
1. thick seed coat
2. light (depth of seed placement in soil)
3. chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -large well protected seeds or small oppertunistic seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water, oxygen, correct temperatures, light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-farmers dehydrate seeds to preserve them
-seed coat must break or weaken (mech and chem treatments used as aid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-allows for respiration in water
-convert stored food to energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20-30 C (69-85 F) for most plants
-most seed need to go through dormancy before germination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -chemicals (phytochrome) that function in a similar way to chlorophyll to detect suitable time for germination |
|
|
Term
| Growth after germination... |
|
Definition
| -occurs in areas containing meristem that divide rapidly by mitosis (on tips of stems & roots) |
|
|
Term
| Hormones promote...in plant growth |
|
Definition
| anabolism & growth direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Elongation of cell
-higher concentration in the apical bud, promoting vertical growth (apical dominance)
-removing the tip allows for more branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asexual propogation enhances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-photosynthesis
-phototropism (reposition of leaves, auxin diffuse away from light)
-photoperiodism(+temp)- length of daylight, sometimes must be optimal (poinsettias) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -root growth downwards, no matter how you place the seed, root will curve and grow down |
|
|
Term
| What feature plant cell assures quick flow of water and dissolved nutrient between cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of rhubarb pie do we eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asian stir fry that contains lotus, bamboo and ginger contains three different... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apoplastic pathway is important for the uptake of water by.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strawberry is accessory, rather than true fruit, which means that the fleshy tissue that we so appreciate is not produced by the swelling of... |
|
Definition
| the ovary, but instead it is the swollen receptacle |
|
|
Term
| poinsettia develop their prized colored bracts in response to specific light regime, number of dark hours per day. this type of physiological reaction in plants is known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between annual and perenial plant? give examples of each |
|
Definition
annual - one season - cherry tomato
perenial - more than 2 season - hydranga |
|
|
Term
| Why can turf regrow despite repeated mowing? |
|
Definition
| cutting it promotes root growth and grass clippings provide natural fertilizer??? |
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of the stomata? |
|
Definition
| stomata block harmful UV rays and release gas and block chemicals from entering the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of the plant roots? |
|
Definition
| gather water and nutrients from the soil, anchor the plant and transport nutrients to the stem of the plant |
|
|
