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Horticulture
Exam II Material
165
Agriculture
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2016

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is DNA made of?
Definition
-built out of nucleotides
-nitrogen base, 5C sugar, phosphate
Term
DNA is...
Definition
-molecule that carries genetic instructions
-used in growth, development, functioning & reproduction of all known living organisms
Term
Virus has no DNA but...
Definition
is able to modify DNA in order for propigation
Term
Chromosomes are...
Definition
-threadlike structure of nucleic acid & protein
-found in nucleus
-carriers of genetic information in the form of genes
-number constant within specie but varies between species
Term
What is plodity?
Definition
number of chromosomes in the nucleus
-haploid, diploid, polyploid
Term
How are diploids propagated?
Definition
frequently by seed
Term
How are polyploids propagated?
Definition
vegetatively
Term
How is wheat propagated?
Definition
always by seed
Term
Genes are...
Definition
-distinct sequences of nucleotides
-locations of a gene on a chromosome = locus
-segment of DNA that counts for a trait
Term
Triploid
Definition
apple, banana, citrus, ginger
Term
Tetraploid
Definition
wheat, cotton, leak, peanut
Term
Hexaploid
Definition
chrysanthemum, oak, kiwi fruit
Term
Octaploid
Definition
strawberry, sugar cane, dhalia
Term
Dodecaploid
Definition
remaining varieties of sugar cane
Term
What is an allele?
Definition
pairs of a gene that form at the same locus
Term
What is a genome?
Definition
complete set of genes/genetic material present in an organism
Term
Genetic Engineering
Definition
directly manipulating an organisms genetic material in lab
Term
genetically modified organisms
Definition
genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms
-adding resistence genes from one plant to another
Term
genome
Definition
complete set of all genetic info present in an organism
Term
splitting plasmids
Definition
conditions must be perfectly sterile in order to avoid viruses
Term
trait
Definition
distinguishable quality or characteristic
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
inbetween characteristics
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic constitution of an individual
Term
phenotype
Definition
observable traits
-influenced by environmental factors
Term
natural selection
Definition
increases fitness of an individual (survival, mate finding, reproduction)
Term
artificial selection (plant breeding)
Definition
-process of domestication
-polploids frequently selected
-larger fruit and more showy flowers
Term
Traditional plant breeding
Definition
-selection and cross pollination
-vegetative propagation
Term
What are some of the oldest plants?
Definition
bananas (diploid)
Term
New cultivars - traits desired
Definition
higher yield, harvest timing, fruit setting, greater vigor, plant growth habits, pest resistance, stress tolerance, flower color, flower shape and size, foliar characteristics, nutritional value, flavor and fragrance, longevity, novel plant types
Term
heirloom varieties
Definition
-traditional variety of plant
-not associated with biotech companies/commercial
Term
commercial varieties
Definition
trademark protection
Term
Tomatoes are...
Definition
perenials
Term
blending theory
Definition
parents produce offspring with trait characteristics intermediate between those of the parents
Term
"pangenesis"
Definition
body particles affected by occurrences during life and migrate to reproductive cells to be inherited
Term
Mendel discovered that...
Definition
certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics
Term
Mendel...
Definition
-selective cross breeding of common pea
-7 easily recognizable traits
-fact no blending of characteristics
Term
Why did Mendel use pea plants?
Definition
1. ease of growing large numbers
2. both male and female reproductive organs
3. can either self pollinate or cross pollinate
4. selective pollination and observation through several generations allowed for understanding of genetic inheritance
Term
Why is light important?
Definition
1. photosynthesis
2. plant pigment development
3. growth habits
4. plant shape
5. plant size
6. flowering
7. fruiting
8. seed germination
9. leaf movements
10. onset of dormancy and defoliation
Term
What are the properties of light?
Definition
1. color (quality)- range of wavelengths
2. Quantity - amnt light given off source
3. Photoperiod (length of light and dark part of day)
-duration of darkness crucial
Term
Visible light range?
Definition
400 - 700 nm
Term
thermal light range?
Definition
400 to 10^6 nm
Term
how do you prevent the unwanted spread of product?
Definition
produce a hybrid seed
Term
what is heterosis?
Definition
first feelio will be more resistant to environmental factors
Term
segregation
Definition
-advantage in nature
-competition within
-collected seeds "coming true"
Term
ionization
Definition
-remove electron from soil and radiation can be absorbed
Term
Violet has ___ wavelength
Red has ___ wavelength
Definition
-long
-short
Term
Absorption of solar energy
Definition
-increase in molecular energy of matter
-gases H2O CO2 CH4 N2O CFC O3
Term
Readmitted energy...
Definition
Has long wavelength, and low energy. It will always lose energy
Term
H2O has ___ specific heat
Definition
high
Term
organic matter has ___ specific heat
Definition
lower
Term
What is one of the best absorbers?
Definition
water
Term
Insolation
Definition
the tropics have the same amount of radiation year-round, have to know origin of plant for light condition needs
Term
What kinds of light are impt to horticulture?
Definition
visible and thermal
Term
Principle of how green houses work?
Definition
visible light has more energy to pass through glass/plastic, absorption by soil, readmitted into air but wavelength is too long/slow to pass back through the glass
Term
Method for water/soil warming?
Definition
Tile drain - lower the water content - block the tile drains and keep the leftover moisture in the soil for the rest of the season
Term
Photosynthesis?
Definition
-short dark period = good germination
-long dark period = increased product production
Term
Chlorphyll absorbs the energy of light to do what?
Definition
synthesize NADPH and ATP
Term
ATP is used to...
Definition
convert CO2 to 6 carbon sugar
Term
Photosynthesis equation?
Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Term
Where in the leaf does photosynthesis happen?
Definition
palisade cells
Term
Stoma?
Definition
-pore on the surface of leaves to allow CO2 to enter and H2O to escape
Term
Where does the light reaction take place?
Definition
grana
Term
Where does the dark reaction take place?
Definition
stroma
Term
Grana?
Definition
-stacks of thylakoid
-contains chlorophyll
Term
Stroma
Definition
-liquid soup where dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place
Term
Plastids?
Definition
-contains chloroplasts, anthocyanin, betalains
-chlorophyll & carotene
Term
Chlorophyll A
Definition
-mainly used in the light stuff
-absorb red and blue, reflect green
Term
chlorophyll b
Definition
-accessory
-absorbs more teal and orange, reflects green
Term
what molecule is in the center of chlorophyll?
Definition
magnesium
Term
The light reaction
Definition
coverts solar energy into chem energy
Term
photosystem II - involves light
Definition
the hill reaction
=photolysis (watersplitting) o2 comes only from water
Term
photosystem I
Definition
NADPH synthesis
Term
The dark reaction
Definition
-light independant reaction
-using atp to comvrt co2 into organic molecules
Term
The dark reaction - 3 carbon pathway (C3) - The calvin cycle
Definition
-intemediary step with split two to three carbon molecules
-18 mol of ATP/mol glucose
-1/2 fixed co2 photorespired
EX: BEET SPINACH LETTUCE
Term
The dark reaction - 4 carbon pathway (C4)
Definition
-includes intermediary step
-pep, 3c compound fixes one co2 -> 4c molecule
-spacial separation + shuttle
-calvin cycle @ bundle sheath cells
-more water efficient, requires less co2, more N efficient
-requires more energy 30 mol atp/mole glucose
Term
Most species use which cycle?
Definition
calvin cycle
Term
look up the three cycles
Definition
did you?
Term
Advantages of C3
Definition
shade tolerant, low light requirement, plants of temperate zones need more water
Term
c4
Definition
high light requirements, less water requirement
Term
All common vegetables are...
Definition
c3
Term
CAM
Definition
stomata open at night, no spacial separation
pinapple agave
Term
etiolation
Definition
growing pale in absense of light
Term
blanching
Definition
regulating light intensity for grown plant
Term
ridging soil
Definition
asparagus, celery, tubers
Term
Function of white light - blue
Definition
-photosynth & plant growth
-hypocotyl hook
-inhibition of stem elongation
-bending (phototopism)
-circadian rhythm
-highest concentration in diverse meristem
-chlorophylls, cryptochromes, phototropins (auxins)
Term
Function of white light - red
Definition
-main photosynthesis
-seed germination
-ration between R660 and FR730
-fruit coloration
- ^anthocyanin synthesis from sugars, reddining of fruit
-photoperiodism - flowering
-storage organ formation
-onset of dormancy (less light, less temp, short day)
-pigments - chlorophylls + phytochromes
Term
Zoysia seeds are on the surface because they are...
Definition
photoblastic
Term
long day plants?
Definition
dill, spinach
Term
day neutral plants
Definition
sweet corn, cucumber
Term
short day plants
Definition
chrysanthemim, poinsettisa, late summer
Term
Functions of white light - Green
Definition
-influences plant morphology
-no green light affects plant height
-perception of normal plant coloration
-pigments: cartenoids (sequester harmful byproducts of photosynthesis)
Term
Spacing
Definition
-different at different scales
-commercial producer vs at home gardner
-weak seedling due to compete
-field spacing for mature plant
-weeding, mulching, moving plants
Term
orienting for light interception
Definition
-critical for northern latitudes
-landscape plants
-pruning and trellising
-direction of planting
-greenhouse orientation
Term
light quantity
Definition
-light saturation point (no increase photosynth for more light)
-light compensation point (break even for photosynth and respiration)
-shade toleracnce (fruiting vegtable need full light, leafy tolerant of shade)
Term
Quantitative response (temp)
Definition
1. growth in general
2. part of photosynthesis
3. ripening
4. germination
5. vernalization
6. maturation
7. dormancy
Term
Why do we have (0 - 50 C) range for biological function?
Definition
depends on the ambient energy, cannot cool or heat themselves
Term
optimum for best productivity?
Definition
20-30 C
Term
cool season crops 142
Definition
broccelli, onion
Term
intermediate season crops 142
Definition
carrots, beats
Term
warm season crops 142
Definition
pumpkin, tomato, cucumber, peaches/apriocots
Term
plant respiration
Definition
-process mediataed by enzyme
-liberated energy: adenine (synthesis of NADP and NADPH, adenosine (synthesis of ATP)
Term
Plant respiration is a...
Definition
-continuous process (day & night)
Term
As temperature increases...
Definition
enzymatic activity increases
Term
thermoperiodicty
Definition
-alternating day or night temperatures mean better growth
Term
DIF (daytime temp - nighttime temp)
Definition
positive = taller plants (elongated internodes)
negative = shorter plants (compact ornamentals)
Term
When the stomata is closed...
Definition
increase pressure and cell wall gets synthesized
Term
What plants can handle frost?
Definition
brussel sprouts & cabbages
Term
leave grape branches on vine until frost for
Definition
sweeter wine
Term
potato chip color
Definition
due to carmelization, cooler = sweeter = bad tasting!
Term
calculation for air temperature
Definition
daily max air temp + daily min air temp/2 -LT
Term
Management strategies for air temperature:
Definition
-the greenhouse effect
-radiation (transperency /opacity of materials)
Term
cooling air temp:
Definition
-shading
-conduction (heat flow thru materials)
-material selection (resistance to heat flow)
-convection (moving air, a fluid)
-evaporative cooling (fan)
Term
different thermometers
Definition
liquid, thermocouple, infrared, no extreme location, measure at soil level, 5cm above, 1 meter above
Term
cool season plants need...
Definition
10-25 C
Term
molds like..
Definition
cool & moist
Term
vegetative propagation needs...
Definition
day: 21-27
night: 15
Term
root initiation needs...
Definition
5-7 C higher than growth req temp
Term
cold soils means ___ water uptake
Definition
less
Term
decomposition of rich organic matter is...
Definition
exothermic reaction
Term
What does insulation do?
Definition
-reduces convective heat loss
- skirts, hot houses, mulching can keep soil cool in spring
Term
Management strategies for soil temperature?
Definition
1. decomp of organic matter
2. insulation
3. soil water
4. water tempering (expensive)
Term
site selection?
Definition
latitude and altitude, tropical fruit/nut in temperate zones
Term
What are plant hardiness zones in MO?
Definition
kville = 5b - 7a
body of water affect temp + zone
Term
aspect on soil temp would be
Definition
exposure to the sun
Term
topographic position
Definition
convective movement of air mass
Term
Macro
Meso
micro
Definition
global
reigonal
local
Term
vernalization
Definition
-lowering the temp
-growth meristem must be stimulated by low temp or fowering will not happen
Term
de-vernalization
Definition
-treatment of seeds with a warm temp for leaf or bulb protection
Term
dormancy
Definition
adaptive mechanism, seeds no germinate, buds no break
Term
desert plants can...
Definition
go dormant under extreme heat
Term
temperature stress
Definition
chilling high as <10 C
Term
freezing
Definition
-cryopreservation (flash freezing)
-ice crystal formation (extracelluar, xylem)
-frost cracking - mech stress due to contraction of cell wall
-higher concetration of solute, the depression of the freezing point
Term
actively grwoing plants are ___ sesitive to temp and dormant plants are ___ sestivie to temp
Definition
more, less
Term
the critical tissue is the...
Definition
growth meristem
Term
rupture of the plasmalemma results in
Definition
cell death
Term
plant injury creates entry for
Definition
fungal and bacterial diseases
Term
freeze avoidance
Definition
-supercooling small water in crit tissue
-pure water remains super cooled to -36 C
Term
what is the single most limiting factor for plants?
Definition
water
Term
herbasious plants are
woody plants are
Definition
80-90% water
50% water
Term
water is essentual for
Definition
dry matter production
Term
what kind of plant is most water efficient?
Definition
c4
Term
water disassociation is responsible for...
Definition
pH
Term
solvated ions are responsible for...
Definition
plant nutrition
Term
three phases of water?
Definition
water vapor, solid water, liquid water
Term
hydrogen bonding?
Definition
adjacent molecules come from bond with molecules excess negative and positive ions
Term
mass flow?
Definition
some ions move in mass uptake of water
Term
gradient =
Definition
difference in the amount of water
Term
turgidity
Definition
growth of cells
Term
osmosis
Definition
mvement of water w gradient in concentration of salt, move water to plant cells
Term
specific heat of water?
Definition
1 cal/g C
Term
heat of fusion?
Definition
80 cal/g
Term
heat of vaporization?
Definition
540 cal/g
Term
buffering
Definition
-climate at all scales
-stabalizing internal temperature in plants
-manipulation of external temperature (citrus)
Term
spefici heat for ice?
Definition
.45 cal/ g C
Term
apple is/...
Definition
tetraploid
Term
banana is...
Definition
triploid
Term
carrot is...
Definition
diploid
Term
gametes are...
Definition
haploid
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid is found only in nucleus of plant cell
Definition
false (chloroplasts)
Term
smallest to largest?
Definition
nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome
Term
highest to lowest energy?
Definition
blue - green - yellow - red
Term
highest density of chloroplasts in
Definition
palisade layer
Term
change in green color of plant leaves is what nutrient deficiency
Definition
magnesium
Term
germination needs long day and production of fruit needs
Definition
short day
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