Term
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Definition
-built out of nucleotides
-nitrogen base, 5C sugar, phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
-molecule that carries genetic instructions
-used in growth, development, functioning & reproduction of all known living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| is able to modify DNA in order for propigation |
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Term
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Definition
-threadlike structure of nucleic acid & protein
-found in nucleus
-carriers of genetic information in the form of genes
-number constant within specie but varies between species |
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Term
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Definition
number of chromosomes in the nucleus
-haploid, diploid, polyploid |
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Term
| How are diploids propagated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are polyploids propagated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-distinct sequences of nucleotides
-locations of a gene on a chromosome = locus
-segment of DNA that counts for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| apple, banana, citrus, ginger |
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Term
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Definition
| wheat, cotton, leak, peanut |
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Term
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Definition
| chrysanthemum, oak, kiwi fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| strawberry, sugar cane, dhalia |
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Term
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Definition
| remaining varieties of sugar cane |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of a gene that form at the same locus |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of genes/genetic material present in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| directly manipulating an organisms genetic material in lab |
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Term
| genetically modified organisms |
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Definition
| genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
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Definition
DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms
-adding resistence genes from one plant to another |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of all genetic info present in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions must be perfectly sterile in order to avoid viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishable quality or characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| inbetween characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic constitution of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
observable traits
-influenced by environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| increases fitness of an individual (survival, mate finding, reproduction) |
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Term
| artificial selection (plant breeding) |
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Definition
-process of domestication
-polploids frequently selected
-larger fruit and more showy flowers |
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Term
| Traditional plant breeding |
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Definition
-selection and cross pollination
-vegetative propagation |
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Term
| What are some of the oldest plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| New cultivars - traits desired |
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Definition
| higher yield, harvest timing, fruit setting, greater vigor, plant growth habits, pest resistance, stress tolerance, flower color, flower shape and size, foliar characteristics, nutritional value, flavor and fragrance, longevity, novel plant types |
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Term
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Definition
-traditional variety of plant
-not associated with biotech companies/commercial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parents produce offspring with trait characteristics intermediate between those of the parents |
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Term
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Definition
| body particles affected by occurrences during life and migrate to reproductive cells to be inherited |
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Term
| Mendel discovered that... |
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Definition
| certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
-selective cross breeding of common pea
-7 easily recognizable traits
-fact no blending of characteristics |
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Term
| Why did Mendel use pea plants? |
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Definition
1. ease of growing large numbers
2. both male and female reproductive organs
3. can either self pollinate or cross pollinate
4. selective pollination and observation through several generations allowed for understanding of genetic inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
1. photosynthesis
2. plant pigment development
3. growth habits
4. plant shape
5. plant size
6. flowering
7. fruiting
8. seed germination
9. leaf movements
10. onset of dormancy and defoliation |
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Term
| What are the properties of light? |
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Definition
1. color (quality)- range of wavelengths
2. Quantity - amnt light given off source
3. Photoperiod (length of light and dark part of day)
-duration of darkness crucial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do you prevent the unwanted spread of product? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first feelio will be more resistant to environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
-advantage in nature
-competition within
-collected seeds "coming true" |
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Term
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Definition
| -remove electron from soil and radiation can be absorbed |
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Term
Violet has ___ wavelength
Red has ___ wavelength |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption of solar energy |
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Definition
-increase in molecular energy of matter
-gases H2O CO2 CH4 N2O CFC O3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Has long wavelength, and low energy. It will always lose energy |
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Term
| H2O has ___ specific heat |
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Definition
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Term
| organic matter has ___ specific heat |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the best absorbers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tropics have the same amount of radiation year-round, have to know origin of plant for light condition needs |
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Term
| What kinds of light are impt to horticulture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Principle of how green houses work? |
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Definition
| visible light has more energy to pass through glass/plastic, absorption by soil, readmitted into air but wavelength is too long/slow to pass back through the glass |
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Term
| Method for water/soil warming? |
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Definition
| Tile drain - lower the water content - block the tile drains and keep the leftover moisture in the soil for the rest of the season |
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Term
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Definition
-short dark period = good germination
-long dark period = increased product production |
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Term
| Chlorphyll absorbs the energy of light to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| convert CO2 to 6 carbon sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| Where in the leaf does photosynthesis happen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -pore on the surface of leaves to allow CO2 to enter and H2O to escape |
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Term
| Where does the light reaction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the dark reaction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-stacks of thylakoid
-contains chlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| -liquid soup where dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
-contains chloroplasts, anthocyanin, betalains
-chlorophyll & carotene |
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Term
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Definition
-mainly used in the light stuff
-absorb red and blue, reflect green |
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Term
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Definition
-accessory
-absorbs more teal and orange, reflects green |
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Term
| what molecule is in the center of chlorophyll? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coverts solar energy into chem energy |
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Term
| photosystem II - involves light |
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Definition
the hill reaction
=photolysis (watersplitting) o2 comes only from water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-light independant reaction
-using atp to comvrt co2 into organic molecules |
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Term
| The dark reaction - 3 carbon pathway (C3) - The calvin cycle |
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Definition
-intemediary step with split two to three carbon molecules
-18 mol of ATP/mol glucose
-1/2 fixed co2 photorespired
EX: BEET SPINACH LETTUCE |
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Term
| The dark reaction - 4 carbon pathway (C4) |
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Definition
-includes intermediary step
-pep, 3c compound fixes one co2 -> 4c molecule
-spacial separation + shuttle
-calvin cycle @ bundle sheath cells
-more water efficient, requires less co2, more N efficient
-requires more energy 30 mol atp/mole glucose |
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Term
| Most species use which cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shade tolerant, low light requirement, plants of temperate zones need more water |
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Term
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Definition
| high light requirements, less water requirement |
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Term
| All common vegetables are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stomata open at night, no spacial separation
pinapple agave |
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Term
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Definition
| growing pale in absense of light |
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Term
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Definition
| regulating light intensity for grown plant |
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Term
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Definition
| asparagus, celery, tubers |
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Term
| Function of white light - blue |
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Definition
-photosynth & plant growth
-hypocotyl hook
-inhibition of stem elongation
-bending (phototopism)
-circadian rhythm
-highest concentration in diverse meristem
-chlorophylls, cryptochromes, phototropins (auxins) |
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Term
| Function of white light - red |
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Definition
-main photosynthesis
-seed germination
-ration between R660 and FR730
-fruit coloration
- ^anthocyanin synthesis from sugars, reddining of fruit
-photoperiodism - flowering
-storage organ formation
-onset of dormancy (less light, less temp, short day)
-pigments - chlorophylls + phytochromes |
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Term
| Zoysia seeds are on the surface because they are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chrysanthemim, poinsettisa, late summer |
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Term
| Functions of white light - Green |
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Definition
-influences plant morphology
-no green light affects plant height
-perception of normal plant coloration
-pigments: cartenoids (sequester harmful byproducts of photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
-different at different scales
-commercial producer vs at home gardner
-weak seedling due to compete
-field spacing for mature plant
-weeding, mulching, moving plants |
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Term
| orienting for light interception |
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Definition
-critical for northern latitudes
-landscape plants
-pruning and trellising
-direction of planting
-greenhouse orientation |
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Term
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Definition
-light saturation point (no increase photosynth for more light)
-light compensation point (break even for photosynth and respiration)
-shade toleracnce (fruiting vegtable need full light, leafy tolerant of shade) |
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Term
| Quantitative response (temp) |
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Definition
1. growth in general
2. part of photosynthesis
3. ripening
4. germination
5. vernalization
6. maturation
7. dormancy |
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Term
| Why do we have (0 - 50 C) range for biological function? |
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Definition
| depends on the ambient energy, cannot cool or heat themselves |
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Term
| optimum for best productivity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| intermediate season crops 142 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pumpkin, tomato, cucumber, peaches/apriocots |
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Term
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Definition
-process mediataed by enzyme
-liberated energy: adenine (synthesis of NADP and NADPH, adenosine (synthesis of ATP) |
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Term
| Plant respiration is a... |
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Definition
| -continuous process (day & night) |
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Term
| As temperature increases... |
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Definition
| enzymatic activity increases |
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Term
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Definition
| -alternating day or night temperatures mean better growth |
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Term
| DIF (daytime temp - nighttime temp) |
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Definition
positive = taller plants (elongated internodes)
negative = shorter plants (compact ornamentals) |
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Term
| When the stomata is closed... |
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Definition
| increase pressure and cell wall gets synthesized |
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Term
| What plants can handle frost? |
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Definition
| brussel sprouts & cabbages |
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Term
| leave grape branches on vine until frost for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to carmelization, cooler = sweeter = bad tasting! |
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Term
| calculation for air temperature |
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Definition
| daily max air temp + daily min air temp/2 -LT |
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Term
| Management strategies for air temperature: |
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Definition
-the greenhouse effect
-radiation (transperency /opacity of materials) |
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Term
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Definition
-shading
-conduction (heat flow thru materials)
-material selection (resistance to heat flow)
-convection (moving air, a fluid)
-evaporative cooling (fan) |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid, thermocouple, infrared, no extreme location, measure at soil level, 5cm above, 1 meter above |
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Term
| cool season plants need... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| vegetative propagation needs... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5-7 C higher than growth req temp |
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Term
| cold soils means ___ water uptake |
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Definition
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Term
| decomposition of rich organic matter is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-reduces convective heat loss
- skirts, hot houses, mulching can keep soil cool in spring |
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Term
| Management strategies for soil temperature? |
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Definition
1. decomp of organic matter
2. insulation
3. soil water
4. water tempering (expensive) |
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Term
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Definition
| latitude and altitude, tropical fruit/nut in temperate zones |
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Term
| What are plant hardiness zones in MO? |
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Definition
kville = 5b - 7a
body of water affect temp + zone |
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Term
| aspect on soil temp would be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| convective movement of air mass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-lowering the temp
-growth meristem must be stimulated by low temp or fowering will not happen |
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Term
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Definition
| -treatment of seeds with a warm temp for leaf or bulb protection |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive mechanism, seeds no germinate, buds no break |
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Term
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Definition
| go dormant under extreme heat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cryopreservation (flash freezing)
-ice crystal formation (extracelluar, xylem)
-frost cracking - mech stress due to contraction of cell wall
-higher concetration of solute, the depression of the freezing point |
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Term
| actively grwoing plants are ___ sesitive to temp and dormant plants are ___ sestivie to temp |
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Definition
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Term
| the critical tissue is the... |
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Definition
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Term
| rupture of the plasmalemma results in |
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Definition
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Term
| plant injury creates entry for |
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Definition
| fungal and bacterial diseases |
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Term
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Definition
-supercooling small water in crit tissue
-pure water remains super cooled to -36 C |
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Term
| what is the single most limiting factor for plants? |
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Definition
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Term
herbasious plants are
woody plants are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of plant is most water efficient? |
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Definition
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Term
| water disassociation is responsible for... |
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Definition
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Term
| solvated ions are responsible for... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water vapor, solid water, liquid water |
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Term
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Definition
| adjacent molecules come from bond with molecules excess negative and positive ions |
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Term
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Definition
| some ions move in mass uptake of water |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in the amount of water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mvement of water w gradient in concentration of salt, move water to plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-climate at all scales
-stabalizing internal temperature in plants
-manipulation of external temperature (citrus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid is found only in nucleus of plant cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome |
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Term
| highest to lowest energy? |
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Definition
| blue - green - yellow - red |
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Term
| highest density of chloroplasts in |
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Definition
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Term
| change in green color of plant leaves is what nutrient deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| germination needs long day and production of fruit needs |
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Definition
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