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Horticulture
Exam III Material
255
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 2
12/05/2016

Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the effects of pruning?
Definition
1. Disrupt apical dominance
2. Maximize light interception and air circ
3. Control size and shape
Term
What does disruption of apical dominance do?
Definition
stimulates branching for rejuvenation (=fuller plants)
Term
What goes along with controlling the size and shape of the plant?
Definition
dwarfing process (lawn mowing), bonsai and espalier (need mechanical support)
Term
What are fruit trees that benefit from pruning?
Definition
peaches and nectarines (pigment produced by sugars that gives color - enthocyanine?)
Term
Why do we prune?
Definition
1. Plant productivity
2. space saving
3. ease of care (pesticide application, fertilization)
4. aesthetics
Term
How much should you prune of a plant per year?
Definition
<1/3
Term
What are good things to disinfect your tools with?
Definition
alcohol, bleach, other chemicals, fire
Term
Types of shears?
Definition
scissor type pruning shears for fruit trees
DONT USE ANVIL SHEARS
Term
Wound treatment of injured plant?
Definition
make it a clean cut- dont do anything to it
plant will compartmentalize damaged tissue
Term
How do you avoid breaking and tearing?
Definition
1. weight reduction
2. undercut at a point beyond the branch collar
3. downward cut further away from the collar
4. third cut just beyond the collar to remove the stub (not flush w trunk! & no long stubs)
Term
Timing of pruning?
Definition
-species dependant
-fruit trees no late summer/early fall
-new growth may not cold acclimate well
Term
Does pruning affect tree growth rings?
Definition
only if plant is infected
Term
What is shearing?
Definition
(outside appearance)
-clipping only tips of outer branches, dense growth near the cut (hedges & topiary)
Term
What is heading?
Definition
(directs future growth)
-removing tips of branches just beyond the bud that point outward
Term
How do you correct structural defects with pruning?
Definition
-narrow crotch angle (ideal 45-60 degrees)
Term
What is Coppicing/Pollarding?
Definition
-severe cuts of shoots all the way to the main branch
C= ground
P= trunk
Term
What is Pinching?
Definition
(increase branching in floriculture species)
-force lateral growth
soft: apical buds
hard: lower than the most succulent growth
Term
What is Disbudding?
Definition
(removal of auxilary buds for single stem)
-species w weak apical dominance (carnations, chrysanthemums, tomatoes cucumbers)
-no veg, but yes perennials
Term
What is Renewal Pruning?
Definition
-severe intervention in fruit trees and flowering bushes
-done on old branches for rejuvination
-lilacs
Term
What is root pruning?
Definition
(not easy bc covered by soil, close to base or accessible)
-close to base of tree, force root growth
-done in transporting/transplanting tree
-production of young feeder roots in "the ball"
Term
What is undercutting in nurseries?
Definition
done in the fall after top growth has ceased and top is in good shape
Term
What is root branching stimulation?
Definition
-air pruning (air desiccates root tips in open bottom container)
-containers (shavings of copper - kills root tips & increases lateral branching stimulation, nylon mesh girdles root tips, barbed wire stifles growth)
Term
What is mulch?
Definition
any material that is spread or formed upon the surface of the soil to protect the soil and/or plant roots from the effects of:
-raindrops - destroy struct of wood mulch
-soil crusting - sealing surface
-freezing - perenials
-evaporation - loss of water
Term
What organic materials are used in mulch?
Definition
grass clippings, straw, woodchips, leaves, pine needles, peat, rice hulls, cocoa bean hulls, coconut fibers
Term
What are some advantages of mulch?
Definition
1. Water conservation
2. Weed control
3. Reduced labor requirement
4. Temperature modification
5. Reduced cost
6. Protection of soil surface
7. Soil structure improvement
8. Reduced nutrient and water losses
9. Cleanliness of harvest
10. Reduction of pest numbers
11. Aesthetics
12. Turf establishment
13. Protection of tree trunks and shrubs
Term
What inorganic materials are used in mulch?
Definition
crushed rock, pumice, landscape fabric (trees/shrubs, flowerbeds), plastic sheets, IR transmitting plastic sheets, shredded waste paper
Term
Radiation is...
Definition
the transformation of visible light into a long wavelength radiation
Term
Clear Plastic rather than opaque has...
Definition
hotter temperature
Term
Bark gets...
Straw gets...
Definition
... get really warm (air pockets, radiated heat)
...stay cool, light color surface, reflect incoming light
Term
What is the best cover for perennials?
Definition
Snow! (bc air pockets)
Term
Organic mulch has...
Definition
microbes and decomposition improve the composition of soil over long period of time
Term
What helps with the reduction of pests?
Definition
-soil solarization (clear plastic)
-repellants/pesticides
(cedar bark)
Term
Hydroseeding is good...
Definition
Turf establishment
Term
What is specific humidity?
Definition
the amount of water vapor per unit of air (g/kg)
Term
What is relative humidity?
Definition
the amount of water vapor relative to maximum amount air can hold at given temperature (%)
-lower is western US
Term
low potential in air =
Definition
water evaporation in soil
Term
Transpiration rate increases as
Definition
temperature increases (heat stress)
Term
When does heat stress occur?
Definition
when there is a small or large difference in vapor pressure deficit
Term
What is incipient wilting?
Definition
At home misting doesn't work
Term
What is Matric potential?
Definition
"suction"
combination of material and adhesive/cohesive forces
Term
Gravitational potential?
Definition
the higher up, the greater the gravitational potential
counteracts suction potential
Term
Stomata of the plant have higher water content
Definition
:)
Term
Osmotic potential?
Definition
maintaining plant cell - osmosis
not enough osmosis? wilting plants
Term
pressure potential?
Definition
counteracts osmotic potential
-water moves into plant cell and dilutes sugars inside
Term
Potential Evaportranspiration?
Definition
max amount of liquid that can be transferred into gas stage
Term
What temperature does evaporation happen?
Definition
Any
Term
Where does water evaporate from at boiling?
Definition
entire volume, only from surface otherwise
Term
The storage medium for water and nutrient uptake is...
Definition
soil
Term
What potential does free water in soil have?
Definition
0
Term
What percent of water in soil is available to plants?
Definition
30%
Term
Capillary action?
Definition
tiny pores in soil water not plant available
Term
Mass flow?
Definition
(nitrogen and calcium uptake)
-potential must be larger than suction potential of root
Term
Maximum mass flow?
Definition
Nitrate will move with mass flow to plant roots if plant is transpiring
Term
Diffusion?
Definition
(phosphorous and potassium)
-hydrophobic casparian strip at the endodermis
-content of apoplast has to cross plasmalemma into symplast (plasmodesmata connect protoplast of adjacent cells)
Term
REVIEW THE ROOT DIAGRAM
Definition
DID YOU???
Term
What are the points of uptake?
Definition
Root tips & membranes
Term
Root tips are...
Definition
1. Undifferentiated thus nonsuberized
2. Unrestricted uptake of water
3. Larger molecules
4. active growing root system important for health of the plant
Term
Membranes are...
Definition
Selective uptake of plant nutrients
-plaslemma & any other
Term
Water entered into apoplastic space is...
Definition
constantly moving around
Term
What are the 2 factors that drive root growth?
Definition
temperature and air
Term
What are the hydrologic cycle inputs?
Definition
Precipitation
Irrigation
Capillary rise from local water table
Term
What are the hydrologic cycle losses?
Definition
Run off - loss of excess water by land flow
Evapotranspirarion
Lateral flow (subsurface)
Deep percolation
Term
Irrigation depends on...
Definition
a question of scale and price of water
Term
What are the Surface types of irrigation?
Definition
(evaporative loss)
1. Furrow
2. Flood
3. Sprinklers
4. Drip irrigation (limits foliar diseases)
Term
What are the subsurface types of irrigation?
Definition
(clogging)
1. drains
2. drip lines
- RISK: plant roots try to grow into pipes where water is
Term
Deficits of Irrigation?
Definition
1. Evaporative losses
2. Labor intensive
3. High initial cost
4. Water and soil quality deterioration
5. Recycling of used water (runoff/drainage)
Term
Benefits of Irrigation?
Definition
1. cost reduction due to low volumes
2. direct placement of water
3. weed growth control
4. decrease in foliar diseases
5. uniform water application
6. better control on fertigation
7. low losses in runoff or drainage
Term
What is soil?
Definition
Unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of Earth that serves as natural medium for growth of land plants
Term
Purchased in store?
Definition
Not soil, has to be natural
Term
Mineral soils are...
Definition
-resistant to microbial decomposition
Term
Organic soils have...
Definition
-undergone some decomposition
Term
Sediment is...
Definition
1. Transported and deposited particles or aggregates derived from rocks, soil or biological material
2. any transported unconsolidated material
Term
Can sediment become soil?
Definition
Yes, over a long time
Term
soil ---> sediment
Definition
single event
Term
sediment ---> soil
Definition
hundreds of years
Term
What is ideal soil composed of?
Definition
sand, silt, clay and decomposition
Term
Any natural body of soil is made of...
Definition
50% solids
45% mineral origins
5% organic material
Term
Any natural body of soil consists of...
Definition
50% voids
25% water
25% air
Term
Every plant cell does what?
Definition
respires
Term
What are soils deficient in air?
Definition
less productive
Term
Where do soils come from?
Definition
weathering of rocks (fracture or chemical change)
Term
Physical weathering?
Definition
reduction in size of fragments
Term
Chemical weathering?
Definition
-change of chemical identity
**degree directly proportional to temperature & amount of water present
Term
High temp & high water =
Definition
high chemical transformation
Term
Cold temp & dry water =
Definition
low chemical transformation
Term
Biological weathering?
Definition
combination of physical & chemical weathering
-due to rhizosphere
Term
What are the soil forming factors?
Definition
1. Parent material (residual or transported)
2. climate
3. biology
4. topographic position
5. time
Term
Soil is a product that is...
Definition
different from parent material
Term
Formation of soil is what?
Definition
Slow, and a non-renewable natural resource
Term
What is non-residual?
Definition
all sediment are brought from somewhere else
Term
What are some soil ecosystem services?
Definition
1. Supports rooted plants
-food, fiber, shelter, energy
2. provides habitat : 1/4 biodiversity
3. recycle and store nutrients and CARBON
4. regulate water (purify and store) and solute flow
5. modify atmosphere
6. provide support for structures
Term
What do chemical reactions need in order to occur?
Definition
water
Term
What does a tropical environment have?
Definition
high leaching, high chemical erosion
Term
IDEAL CLIMATE =
Definition
Temperate Zones - between cold & wet and hot & humid
Term
What does climate determine?
Definition
1. vegetation
2. organic material in soil
ie: trees and leaves and herbacious and roots
Term
What zone has most productive soil?
Definition
temperate zone
Term
What does topographic position do?
Definition
Has to do with energy, change the amount of energy per unit of surface area
Term
South facing incoming energy will...
Definition
increase
Term
North facing incoming energy will...
Definition
be low
Term
Soils form (time period)?
Definition
1 cm per 100 yr
1 inch per 250 yr
Term
How can you influence soil temperature?
Definition
through water management
-well drained soil for germination
-enough water to support growth of plants
Term
Dynamic of soil?
Definition
-soils respond to environmental changes
-absorption of heat = increase in local temperature
Term
Too much tilling will...
Definition
Include too much oxygen and decrease organic matter in the soil
Term
Soil is excessively gray (no red)
Definition
nearly constantly flooded
Term
soil red
Definition
constant flooding
Term
How can you manage the root system?
Definition
If you have a desired crop, make sure there is no competition so it gets all that it needs.
Term
What is the worst weed?
Definition
The same plant as the crop
Term
What is the most important physical property of soil?
Definition
texture
Term
What does texture provide info about?
Definition
1. water flow potential
2. water holding capacity
3. fertility potential
4. fate of contaminants
5. suitability for other uses
Term
Sand has
Definition
course texture
Term
silt has
Definition
soil particle texture
Term
clay has
Definition
fine texture
Term
Large particles have
Definition
large pores so water flows easily, doesn't hold water
Term
Small particles have
Definition
small pore so water flows slowly, holds water
Term
Coarse particles are
Definition
resistance to weathering
Term
Fine particles have
Definition
high fertility
Term
What is the size of sand particles?
Definition
2mm-50micrometers
Term
What is the size of silt particles?
Definition
50micrometers-2micrometers
Term
What is the size of clay particles?
Definition
<2micrometeres
Term
What does clay add to the soil?
Definition
platicity
Term
How can soil texture be changed?
Definition
By mixing with another soil with a different textural class in small quantities
Term
What does adding sand to clay do?
Definition
creates a cement-like substance
Term
What is not considered changing a soil texture?
Definition
Adding peat or compost
Term
What happens to soil over time?
Definition
-lose mineral nutrients
-become redder due to iron
-have more clay
-deeper weathering into parent material
-lower pH (or more acid)
Term
PED?
Definition
product of natural soil evolution
Term
CLOD?
Definition
random formation due to clumping
Term
What is the glue that holds the micro-aggregates together?
Definition
organic matter
Term
What is particle density?
Definition
density of solid
w / v [g/cm3]
Term
What is bulk density?
Definition
weight of soil/volume
w / v [g/cm3]
Term
What is soil compressibility?
Definition
soil weight / bulk density
[cm3]
Term
Particle Density of Quartz?
Definition
2.65g/cm3 (assume for PD of soil)
Term
BD A horizon? BD B-C horizon?
Definition
A=1.1-1.4 [g/cm3]
B-C=1.3-1.7 [g/cm3]
Term
What happens when you compress soil?
Definition
bulk density increases
Term
What bar is saturated soil?
Definition
0
Term
What bar is field capacity?
Definition
-0.33
Term
What bar is wilt point?
Definition
-15
Term
What bar is air dry?
Definition
-100
Term
What bar is oven dry?
Definition
-10,000
Term
What soils are best for growing vegetables?
Definition
silt loam, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand
Term
What pore size is best for holding and releasing water?
Definition
Medium
Term
At what bar does soil drain freely?
Definition
between 0 and -0.33
Term
At what bar is available water capacity?
Definition
between -0.33 and -15
Term
At what bar is water gone and not available to plants?
Definition
between -15 and -100
Term
What are some decomposers?
Definition
bacteria, fungi, protozoa
Term
What do decomposers do?
Definition
1. breakdown residue
2. immobilize nutrients in their biomass
3. create new organic compounds
4. bind soil aggregates
Term
What is a mutualist?
Definition
two organisms living in beneficial association
Term
What are examples of pathogens/parasites?
Definition
bacteria, fungi, nematodes
Term
What are the roles of pathogens/parasites?
Definition
1. Promote disease
2. Consume roots
3. Parasitize nematodes or insects
Term
What are some examples of root feeders?
Definition
Nematodes
Term
What do root feeders do?
Definition
1. consume plant roots
2. crop yield losses
Term
Endomichorizzae?
Definition
More common in herbacious species
Term
Ectomichorizzae?
Definition
More common in woody species, temperate forest
Term
What are examples of shredders?
Definition
earthworms, arthropods (millipedes)
Term
What is the role of shredders?
Definition
1. breakdown residue
2. enhance soil structure
3. provide habitat bacteria
4. most milipedes eat decaying leaves and dead plant matter
Term
What do molds love?
Definition
cold temperature
Term
What does soil cultivation favor?
Definition
Bacterial biomass growth:
-propagates into new soil, cannot expect full growth one year after tilling
Term
What is fungus highly affected by?
Definition
chemical compositions?
Term
What is an indicator of environmental changes in the soil?
Definition
fungal-to-bacterial ratio
Term
When do fungi prosper?
Definition
when plant residues are surface applied (hyphae can grow into litter layer)
Term
What destroys large amounts of fungal hyphae?
Definition
tillage
Term
Who are the predominant cellulose decomposers?
Definition
fungi
Term
What do Bactria need?
Definition
food rich in nitrogen, because they have a smaller c:n ratio
Term
Growth of fungal population?
Definition
substrate additions with wide c:n ratios
Term
What likes bacteria dominated soils?
Definition
carrots, lettuce, crucifers, cabbage
Term
What likes soils with 1:1 ratio?
Definition
tomatoes and corn
Term
What likes soils with a lot of fungi?
Definition
perennials, shrubs, trees
Term
What is fungi based on (composition?)
Definition
cellulose
Term
What is bacteria based on (comp?)
Definition
fats, dna, simple sugars
Term
Why would we want to have the right balance of fungi/bacteria?
Definition
Because they break down different parts
Term
Why do we use cover crops after planting season (like legumes)?
Definition
provide food for the bacterial biomass, the rest waits until spring
Term
Favor Fungal biomass?
Definition
Add wide c/n ratio substrate
Term
Favor Bacterial biomass?
Definition
add narrow c/n ratio substrate
Term
At a low pH, what is more available? (<4.5)
Definition
Micronutrients
Term
At a high pH, what is more available? (>7)
Definition
Macronutrients
Term
What plant macro nutrients are not influenced by soil pH?
Definition
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen (carbon comes through the stomata)
Term
What ways can you check fungi/bacteria ratio?
Definition
1. measure soil respiration
2. serial dilution
3. send sample to extension lab
Term
What is attracted by positive hydrogen?
Definition
minerals
Term
What is attracted by negative hydrogen?
Definition
organics
Term
How can you measure acidity?
Definition
1. litmus paper
2. pH soil tester
3. pH meter w combination electrode
4. soil testing lab!
Term
Is pH changed by .5 big or small change?
Definition
big
Term
Smaller pH is...
Definition
more acidic!
Term
What pH is suitable for crops?
Definition
4.0-8.2
Term
What are some sources of soil acidity?
Definition
1. Precipitation (pH5.7) (acid rain)
2. dissociation from organic matter
3. dissociation from edges of soil minerals
4. hydrolysis of Fe and Al
5. Microbial respiration (co2)
6. Nutrient transformation
Term
Why is there a deficiency in the sulfur in the soil?
Definition
bc of cleaner burning coal in power plants
Term
What happens if you apply too much fresh manure?
Definition
Soil becomes more acidic because of microbial respiration
Term
What generates acidity?
Definition
transformation of nitrogen and sulfer
Term
Nutrient Availability
Definition
Term
What are the cation nutrients?
Definition
K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Nh4+
Term
What are the oxyanion nutrients?
Definition
MoO-, BO-, H2PO-, HPO42-, SO42-, NO3-
Term
About Aluminum pH:
Definition
Toxic to most plants, pH below 4.85 Al will dominate, essential for blue color!!
Term
Blue color Alumunium pH?
Definition
deep blue: 4.5
muted blue: 5
violet blue: 5.5
Term
What is an indicator species for soil ph?
Definition
Blue hydrangea blossoms
Term
Fungi soil avail?
Definition
=
Term
Bacteria & Actinomycetes soil avail?
Definition
>5.5
Term
Nitrogen soil avail?
Definition
>5.6
Term
Ca and Mg soil avail?
Definition
6-8.4
Term
Crops with low tolerance to soil acidity?
Definition
alfalfa, cotton, soybean, spinach
Term
Crops with moderate tolerance to soil acidity?
Definition
peanut, rice, strawberry, watermelon
Term
Crops with high tolerance to soil acidity?
Definition
azelea, blueberry, cranberry, rhododendron
Term
What are some common liming materials?
Definition
Ca, Mg oxides, hydroxides, carbonaes, silicates
*applied severl weeks before planting
Term
How often should a soil test be performed?
Definition
every 3 years
Term
What is liming?
Definition
alteration of soil pH
Term
What is good for a quick lime?
Definition
calcium oxide, good dissolve into water (2moles)
Term
What should you use for soil acidifcication? (lower the pH)
Definition
Al or Fe sulfate
*popular for azaleas and blueberries on midwest soils
Term
What is the cation exchange capacity?
Definition
The sum total per unit weight of soil of the exchangeable cations that can be absorbed by inorganic and organic soil components
Term
What is cation selectivity?
Definition
strength of absorption
Term
What is the carbon / nitrogen ratio for bacteria?
Definition
5:1 (grams)
Term
What is nitrate depression?
Definition
decomposing microorganisms will use up nitrogen first but leave none for the plants
Term
C:N ratios
Definition
dom sewage: 5:1
municipal sewage: 8:1
legume hay: 13:1
municipal compost: 28:1
green grass: 35:1
corn stover: 50:1
straw: 80:1
sawdust: 400:1
Term
What is the break even point for c / n?
Definition
20-30:1
Term
What is composting?
Definition
a biological process that breaks down organic material into more stable molecules
Term
What are caustic materials?
Definition
break down fast
Term
Where are most nutirents available for bacteria activity in soil?
Definition
6.5 - 7.0 pH
Term
1st stage of composting: 1st mesophilic stage
Definition
-brief
-temp rise to 40 deg C
-sugars are readily available microbial food sources rapidly metabolized
Term
2nd stage of composting: thermophillic stage
Definition
-50-70 deg C
-easily decomposed are used, "humus-like" compounds formed
-mixing essentail to maintain O2 levels
-if its too hot could kill organ
Term
3rd stage of composting: second mesophilic stage
Definition
-curing stage
-temp fall back to ambient
-material recolonized by mesophilic organisms
Term
What happens when you add a broad c / n ratio?
Definition
they will make it nitrogen deficient and there will be no yield
Term
What temperature kills bad microbes in pasturization process?
Definition
65-72 deg C
Term
What are benefits to composting?
Definition
1. safe storage
2. easier handling
3. nitrogen stabalization
4. partial serilization
5. detoxification
6. disease suppression
Term
What stage kills most weed seeds and pathogenic organisms?
Definition
thermophilic
Term
What is the function of humus?
Definition
1. Holds water and nutrients
2. coats sand silt clay particles
3. decomposes by microbial activity at the rate of 2.5% per year
4. Buffers effects of pesticides
5. creates good soil "tilth:
Term
What are the macronutrients?
Definition
Nonmineral: c (co2), H (h20), o (o2), NH4+, NO3-, N2
Mineral: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, H2PO4-, HPO42-, SO42-
Term
Plant creates own oxygen due to what?
Definition
water splitting
Term
What are the micronutrients?
Definition
Cu2+ Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Na+ (c4 plants),
Term
What are the mobile mineral elements?
Definition
nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphous, chlorine, sodium, zinc, molybdenum
Term
What are the immobile mineral elements?
Definition
calcium, sulfur, iron, boron, copper
Term
What is active acidity?
Definition
hydrogen ion
Term
What is reserve acidity?
Definition
-lime will last a while
-has more to come in
Term
What happens if the plant is short on nitrogen?
Definition
-chlorosis (low chlorophyll)
-yellowing of lower leaves
-can be revearsed if detected early
Term
What are symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency similar to?
Definition
-drought
-Mo deficiency
-S deficiency (S required fo sythesis of chlorophyll)
Term
What happens with a phosphorous deficiency?
Definition
-stunted growth
-dark green or purple leaf discoloration
-older leaves, phloem-mobile
-low soil temps & improper soil pH
Term
Potassium deficiency?
Definition
-reduced photosynthesis
-more susceptable to drought
-reduced leaf, stem and fruit growth
-older leaves, followed by necrosis
Term
Sulfur deficiency?
Definition
-may resemble nitrogen deficiency
-less moble than nitrogen=chlorosis on young leaves or whole plant
Term
Calcium deficiency?
Definition
-membrances become leaky and cells lose strcutural integrety
-meristematic tissue (shoots and root tips) fruit and tissue
-common under drought (reduces transpiration)
Term
Magnesium deficiency?
Definition
-low chlorophyll
-MOBILE symptoms first in older leaves
-vein chlosisis - general - necrotic
-leaves may turn red/purple
Term
Fe Compartmentation
Definition
-75% of Fe in the chloroplasts (other in mitoch)
-cannot sythesize chlorophyll, split water, redux reaction
-needed for oxidation
-high pH decreases availability
-fe3 - dominant, insolunable
Term
Iron deficiency?
Definition
-not mobile, symptoms in young leaves
-interveinal chlorosis
-severe: whole leaves turn white
Term
What is the center atom of iron?
Definition
hemoglobon
Term
Manganese deficiency?
Definition
-caused by high pH
-decreases photosynthsis
-yellow spots, interveinal chlorisis in young leaves
-gray spots on lower part of the leaves
Term
Zinc deficiency?
Definition
-cause by high pH
-interveinal chlorosis (young or old leaves)
-short internodes
-small leaves
Term
Copper deficiency?
Definition
-reduced photosynthsis
-chlorosis, growing tip may die
-generally in young plants
-necrosis of fruit
Term
Nickel deficiency?
Definition
-component of urease enzyme
-mouse ear disorder
Term
Boron deficiency?
Definition
-availability decreases with increa pH (8-10)
-caused by over-liming
-development of meristematic tissues will suffer bc of cells dividing and elongating
-misshapen young leaves, chlorotic and brittle
-fruit growth may be inhibited
-flower bug abortion
Term
Chlorine deficiency?
Definition
-high concetraions in vacuole
-involved in stomatal opening
-essental for splitting og water
Term
Molybdenum deficiency?
Definition
-availability increases with increa pH
-uptake inhibited by SO42 (stimulated by phosphate)
-symptoms occur in lower and middle leaves
(mobile)
-interveinal mottling, marginal chlorosis, leaf curling, necrotic spots
Term
Cobalt definciency?
Definition
-needed for N2 fixation, required by legumes for symbiotic relationship with rhizomes
Term
Na needed?
Definition
for PEP recovery in cam plants
Term
Group 1 Function: N & S
Definition
-not as mobile
N: building block of amino acid & protein
S: heavily involved in trans of nitrate in plant
Term
Group 2 Function: P, Si, B
Definition
P: ATP, phytic acid, endosperm seeds
Si: cell wall rigidity and elasticity
B: cell elongation and nucleic acid metabolism
Term
Group 3 Function: Nutrients that remain in ionic form: K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Mn, Na
Definition
-Mobile bc they are in ionic form
K:open stomata
Ca: cell wall, holds together, messenger inmetabolic regulation
Mg: center ion in chlorophyll molecule
Cl:pumped to maintain charge, reaction w oxygen gas in photosythsis
Mn:Involved w the evolution of O2, like Cl
Na: regenerates PEP in c4 and cam plants
Term
Group 4 Function: Nutrients involved in redux reactions: Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo
Definition
-respiration + photosynthsis = redux reaction
Fe: 75% in plastids, synthesis of chlorophyll, fixation and respiration
Zn: shuttle electrons
Cu: enzymes resposnible for c2
Ni: URA, N2 fixing bacteria
Mo:responsible for transformation of nitrate into nitrogen
Term
Immobile?
Definition
Whole plant will suffer
Term
Mobile?
Definition
Older parts will suffer
Term
Chlorosis?
Definition
Entire plant? Sulfer.
Older leaves? Mo or Ni.
Term
Cartenoids...
Definition
reflect yellow
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