Term
| What are the effects of pruning? |
|
Definition
1. Disrupt apical dominance
2. Maximize light interception and air circ
3. Control size and shape |
|
|
Term
| What does disruption of apical dominance do? |
|
Definition
| stimulates branching for rejuvenation (=fuller plants) |
|
|
Term
| What goes along with controlling the size and shape of the plant? |
|
Definition
| dwarfing process (lawn mowing), bonsai and espalier (need mechanical support) |
|
|
Term
| What are fruit trees that benefit from pruning? |
|
Definition
| peaches and nectarines (pigment produced by sugars that gives color - enthocyanine?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Plant productivity
2. space saving
3. ease of care (pesticide application, fertilization)
4. aesthetics |
|
|
Term
| How much should you prune of a plant per year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are good things to disinfect your tools with? |
|
Definition
| alcohol, bleach, other chemicals, fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scissor type pruning shears for fruit trees
DONT USE ANVIL SHEARS |
|
|
Term
| Wound treatment of injured plant? |
|
Definition
make it a clean cut- dont do anything to it
plant will compartmentalize damaged tissue |
|
|
Term
| How do you avoid breaking and tearing? |
|
Definition
1. weight reduction
2. undercut at a point beyond the branch collar
3. downward cut further away from the collar
4. third cut just beyond the collar to remove the stub (not flush w trunk! & no long stubs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-species dependant
-fruit trees no late summer/early fall
-new growth may not cold acclimate well |
|
|
Term
| Does pruning affect tree growth rings? |
|
Definition
| only if plant is infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(outside appearance)
-clipping only tips of outer branches, dense growth near the cut (hedges & topiary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(directs future growth)
-removing tips of branches just beyond the bud that point outward |
|
|
Term
| How do you correct structural defects with pruning? |
|
Definition
| -narrow crotch angle (ideal 45-60 degrees) |
|
|
Term
| What is Coppicing/Pollarding? |
|
Definition
-severe cuts of shoots all the way to the main branch
C= ground
P= trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(increase branching in floriculture species)
-force lateral growth
soft: apical buds
hard: lower than the most succulent growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(removal of auxilary buds for single stem)
-species w weak apical dominance (carnations, chrysanthemums, tomatoes cucumbers)
-no veg, but yes perennials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-severe intervention in fruit trees and flowering bushes
-done on old branches for rejuvination
-lilacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(not easy bc covered by soil, close to base or accessible)
-close to base of tree, force root growth
-done in transporting/transplanting tree
-production of young feeder roots in "the ball" |
|
|
Term
| What is undercutting in nurseries? |
|
Definition
| done in the fall after top growth has ceased and top is in good shape |
|
|
Term
| What is root branching stimulation? |
|
Definition
-air pruning (air desiccates root tips in open bottom container)
-containers (shavings of copper - kills root tips & increases lateral branching stimulation, nylon mesh girdles root tips, barbed wire stifles growth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any material that is spread or formed upon the surface of the soil to protect the soil and/or plant roots from the effects of:
-raindrops - destroy struct of wood mulch
-soil crusting - sealing surface
-freezing - perenials
-evaporation - loss of water |
|
|
Term
| What organic materials are used in mulch? |
|
Definition
| grass clippings, straw, woodchips, leaves, pine needles, peat, rice hulls, cocoa bean hulls, coconut fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are some advantages of mulch? |
|
Definition
1. Water conservation
2. Weed control
3. Reduced labor requirement
4. Temperature modification
5. Reduced cost
6. Protection of soil surface
7. Soil structure improvement
8. Reduced nutrient and water losses
9. Cleanliness of harvest
10. Reduction of pest numbers
11. Aesthetics
12. Turf establishment
13. Protection of tree trunks and shrubs |
|
|
Term
| What inorganic materials are used in mulch? |
|
Definition
| crushed rock, pumice, landscape fabric (trees/shrubs, flowerbeds), plastic sheets, IR transmitting plastic sheets, shredded waste paper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transformation of visible light into a long wavelength radiation |
|
|
Term
| Clear Plastic rather than opaque has... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bark gets...
Straw gets... |
|
Definition
... get really warm (air pockets, radiated heat)
...stay cool, light color surface, reflect incoming light |
|
|
Term
| What is the best cover for perennials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microbes and decomposition improve the composition of soil over long period of time |
|
|
Term
| What helps with the reduction of pests? |
|
Definition
-soil solarization (clear plastic)
-repellants/pesticides
(cedar bark) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is specific humidity? |
|
Definition
| the amount of water vapor per unit of air (g/kg) |
|
|
Term
| What is relative humidity? |
|
Definition
the amount of water vapor relative to maximum amount air can hold at given temperature (%)
-lower is western US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water evaporation in soil |
|
|
Term
| Transpiration rate increases as |
|
Definition
| temperature increases (heat stress) |
|
|
Term
| When does heat stress occur? |
|
Definition
| when there is a small or large difference in vapor pressure deficit |
|
|
Term
| What is incipient wilting? |
|
Definition
| At home misting doesn't work |
|
|
Term
| What is Matric potential? |
|
Definition
"suction"
combination of material and adhesive/cohesive forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the higher up, the greater the gravitational potential
counteracts suction potential |
|
|
Term
| Stomata of the plant have higher water content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintaining plant cell - osmosis
not enough osmosis? wilting plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
counteracts osmotic potential
-water moves into plant cell and dilutes sugars inside |
|
|
Term
| Potential Evaportranspiration? |
|
Definition
| max amount of liquid that can be transferred into gas stage |
|
|
Term
| What temperature does evaporation happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does water evaporate from at boiling? |
|
Definition
| entire volume, only from surface otherwise |
|
|
Term
| The storage medium for water and nutrient uptake is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What potential does free water in soil have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of water in soil is available to plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny pores in soil water not plant available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(nitrogen and calcium uptake)
-potential must be larger than suction potential of root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrate will move with mass flow to plant roots if plant is transpiring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(phosphorous and potassium)
-hydrophobic casparian strip at the endodermis
-content of apoplast has to cross plasmalemma into symplast (plasmodesmata connect protoplast of adjacent cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the points of uptake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Undifferentiated thus nonsuberized
2. Unrestricted uptake of water
3. Larger molecules
4. active growing root system important for health of the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selective uptake of plant nutrients
-plaslemma & any other |
|
|
Term
| Water entered into apoplastic space is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 factors that drive root growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the hydrologic cycle inputs? |
|
Definition
Precipitation
Irrigation
Capillary rise from local water table |
|
|
Term
| What are the hydrologic cycle losses? |
|
Definition
Run off - loss of excess water by land flow
Evapotranspirarion
Lateral flow (subsurface)
Deep percolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a question of scale and price of water |
|
|
Term
| What are the Surface types of irrigation? |
|
Definition
(evaporative loss)
1. Furrow
2. Flood
3. Sprinklers
4. Drip irrigation (limits foliar diseases) |
|
|
Term
| What are the subsurface types of irrigation? |
|
Definition
(clogging)
1. drains
2. drip lines
- RISK: plant roots try to grow into pipes where water is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Evaporative losses
2. Labor intensive
3. High initial cost
4. Water and soil quality deterioration
5. Recycling of used water (runoff/drainage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cost reduction due to low volumes
2. direct placement of water
3. weed growth control
4. decrease in foliar diseases
5. uniform water application
6. better control on fertigation
7. low losses in runoff or drainage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of Earth that serves as natural medium for growth of land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not soil, has to be natural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -resistant to microbial decomposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -undergone some decomposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Transported and deposited particles or aggregates derived from rocks, soil or biological material
2. any transported unconsolidated material |
|
|
Term
| Can sediment become soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ideal soil composed of? |
|
Definition
| sand, silt, clay and decomposition |
|
|
Term
| Any natural body of soil is made of... |
|
Definition
50% solids
45% mineral origins
5% organic material |
|
|
Term
| Any natural body of soil consists of... |
|
Definition
50% voids
25% water
25% air |
|
|
Term
| Every plant cell does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are soils deficient in air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do soils come from? |
|
Definition
| weathering of rocks (fracture or chemical change) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction in size of fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-change of chemical identity
**degree directly proportional to temperature & amount of water present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high chemical transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low chemical transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of physical & chemical weathering
-due to rhizosphere |
|
|
Term
| What are the soil forming factors? |
|
Definition
1. Parent material (residual or transported)
2. climate
3. biology
4. topographic position
5. time |
|
|
Term
| Soil is a product that is... |
|
Definition
| different from parent material |
|
|
Term
| Formation of soil is what? |
|
Definition
| Slow, and a non-renewable natural resource |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all sediment are brought from somewhere else |
|
|
Term
| What are some soil ecosystem services? |
|
Definition
1. Supports rooted plants
-food, fiber, shelter, energy
2. provides habitat : 1/4 biodiversity
3. recycle and store nutrients and CARBON
4. regulate water (purify and store) and solute flow
5. modify atmosphere
6. provide support for structures |
|
|
Term
| What do chemical reactions need in order to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a tropical environment have? |
|
Definition
| high leaching, high chemical erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temperate Zones - between cold & wet and hot & humid |
|
|
Term
| What does climate determine? |
|
Definition
1. vegetation
2. organic material in soil
ie: trees and leaves and herbacious and roots |
|
|
Term
| What zone has most productive soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does topographic position do? |
|
Definition
| Has to do with energy, change the amount of energy per unit of surface area |
|
|
Term
| South facing incoming energy will... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| North facing incoming energy will... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soils form (time period)? |
|
Definition
1 cm per 100 yr
1 inch per 250 yr |
|
|
Term
| How can you influence soil temperature? |
|
Definition
through water management
-well drained soil for germination
-enough water to support growth of plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soils respond to environmental changes
-absorption of heat = increase in local temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Include too much oxygen and decrease organic matter in the soil |
|
|
Term
| Soil is excessively gray (no red) |
|
Definition
| nearly constantly flooded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you manage the root system? |
|
Definition
| If you have a desired crop, make sure there is no competition so it gets all that it needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The same plant as the crop |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important physical property of soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does texture provide info about? |
|
Definition
1. water flow potential
2. water holding capacity
3. fertility potential
4. fate of contaminants
5. suitability for other uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large pores so water flows easily, doesn't hold water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small pore so water flows slowly, holds water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of sand particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of silt particles? |
|
Definition
| 50micrometers-2micrometers |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of clay particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does clay add to the soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can soil texture be changed? |
|
Definition
| By mixing with another soil with a different textural class in small quantities |
|
|
Term
| What does adding sand to clay do? |
|
Definition
| creates a cement-like substance |
|
|
Term
| What is not considered changing a soil texture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to soil over time? |
|
Definition
-lose mineral nutrients
-become redder due to iron
-have more clay
-deeper weathering into parent material
-lower pH (or more acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product of natural soil evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random formation due to clumping |
|
|
Term
| What is the glue that holds the micro-aggregates together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is particle density? |
|
Definition
density of solid
w / v [g/cm3] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight of soil/volume
w / v [g/cm3] |
|
|
Term
| What is soil compressibility? |
|
Definition
soil weight / bulk density
[cm3] |
|
|
Term
| Particle Density of Quartz? |
|
Definition
| 2.65g/cm3 (assume for PD of soil) |
|
|
Term
| BD A horizon? BD B-C horizon? |
|
Definition
A=1.1-1.4 [g/cm3]
B-C=1.3-1.7 [g/cm3] |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you compress soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bar is saturated soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bar is field capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What soils are best for growing vegetables? |
|
Definition
| silt loam, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand |
|
|
Term
| What pore size is best for holding and releasing water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what bar does soil drain freely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what bar is available water capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what bar is water gone and not available to plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some decomposers? |
|
Definition
| bacteria, fungi, protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. breakdown residue
2. immobilize nutrients in their biomass
3. create new organic compounds
4. bind soil aggregates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two organisms living in beneficial association |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of pathogens/parasites? |
|
Definition
| bacteria, fungi, nematodes |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of pathogens/parasites? |
|
Definition
1. Promote disease
2. Consume roots
3. Parasitize nematodes or insects |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of root feeders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. consume plant roots
2. crop yield losses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More common in herbacious species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More common in woody species, temperate forest |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of shredders? |
|
Definition
| earthworms, arthropods (millipedes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of shredders? |
|
Definition
1. breakdown residue
2. enhance soil structure
3. provide habitat bacteria
4. most milipedes eat decaying leaves and dead plant matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does soil cultivation favor? |
|
Definition
Bacterial biomass growth:
-propagates into new soil, cannot expect full growth one year after tilling |
|
|
Term
| What is fungus highly affected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an indicator of environmental changes in the soil? |
|
Definition
| fungal-to-bacterial ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plant residues are surface applied (hyphae can grow into litter layer) |
|
|
Term
| What destroys large amounts of fungal hyphae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who are the predominant cellulose decomposers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food rich in nitrogen, because they have a smaller c:n ratio |
|
|
Term
| Growth of fungal population? |
|
Definition
| substrate additions with wide c:n ratios |
|
|
Term
| What likes bacteria dominated soils? |
|
Definition
| carrots, lettuce, crucifers, cabbage |
|
|
Term
| What likes soils with 1:1 ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What likes soils with a lot of fungi? |
|
Definition
| perennials, shrubs, trees |
|
|
Term
| What is fungi based on (composition?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bacteria based on (comp?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would we want to have the right balance of fungi/bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Because they break down different parts |
|
|
Term
| Why do we use cover crops after planting season (like legumes)? |
|
Definition
| provide food for the bacterial biomass, the rest waits until spring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Add wide c/n ratio substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| add narrow c/n ratio substrate |
|
|
Term
| At a low pH, what is more available? (<4.5) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a high pH, what is more available? (>7) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant macro nutrients are not influenced by soil pH? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen (carbon comes through the stomata) |
|
|
Term
| What ways can you check fungi/bacteria ratio? |
|
Definition
1. measure soil respiration
2. serial dilution
3. send sample to extension lab |
|
|
Term
| What is attracted by positive hydrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is attracted by negative hydrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you measure acidity? |
|
Definition
1. litmus paper
2. pH soil tester
3. pH meter w combination electrode
4. soil testing lab! |
|
|
Term
| Is pH changed by .5 big or small change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pH is suitable for crops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of soil acidity? |
|
Definition
1. Precipitation (pH5.7) (acid rain)
2. dissociation from organic matter
3. dissociation from edges of soil minerals
4. hydrolysis of Fe and Al
5. Microbial respiration (co2)
6. Nutrient transformation |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a deficiency in the sulfur in the soil? |
|
Definition
| bc of cleaner burning coal in power plants |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you apply too much fresh manure? |
|
Definition
| Soil becomes more acidic because of microbial respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of nitrogen and sulfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cation nutrients? |
|
Definition
| K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Nh4+ |
|
|
Term
| What are the oxyanion nutrients? |
|
Definition
| MoO-, BO-, H2PO-, HPO42-, SO42-, NO3- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxic to most plants, pH below 4.85 Al will dominate, essential for blue color!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deep blue: 4.5
muted blue: 5
violet blue: 5.5 |
|
|
Term
| What is an indicator species for soil ph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria & Actinomycetes soil avail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crops with low tolerance to soil acidity? |
|
Definition
| alfalfa, cotton, soybean, spinach |
|
|
Term
| Crops with moderate tolerance to soil acidity? |
|
Definition
| peanut, rice, strawberry, watermelon |
|
|
Term
| Crops with high tolerance to soil acidity? |
|
Definition
| azelea, blueberry, cranberry, rhododendron |
|
|
Term
| What are some common liming materials? |
|
Definition
Ca, Mg oxides, hydroxides, carbonaes, silicates
*applied severl weeks before planting |
|
|
Term
| How often should a soil test be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is good for a quick lime? |
|
Definition
| calcium oxide, good dissolve into water (2moles) |
|
|
Term
| What should you use for soil acidifcication? (lower the pH) |
|
Definition
Al or Fe sulfate
*popular for azaleas and blueberries on midwest soils |
|
|
Term
| What is the cation exchange capacity? |
|
Definition
| The sum total per unit weight of soil of the exchangeable cations that can be absorbed by inorganic and organic soil components |
|
|
Term
| What is cation selectivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon / nitrogen ratio for bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nitrate depression? |
|
Definition
| decomposing microorganisms will use up nitrogen first but leave none for the plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dom sewage: 5:1
municipal sewage: 8:1
legume hay: 13:1
municipal compost: 28:1
green grass: 35:1
corn stover: 50:1
straw: 80:1
sawdust: 400:1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the break even point for c / n? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biological process that breaks down organic material into more stable molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are caustic materials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most nutirents available for bacteria activity in soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st stage of composting: 1st mesophilic stage |
|
Definition
-brief
-temp rise to 40 deg C
-sugars are readily available microbial food sources rapidly metabolized |
|
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Term
| 2nd stage of composting: thermophillic stage |
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Definition
-50-70 deg C
-easily decomposed are used, "humus-like" compounds formed
-mixing essentail to maintain O2 levels
-if its too hot could kill organ |
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Term
| 3rd stage of composting: second mesophilic stage |
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Definition
-curing stage
-temp fall back to ambient
-material recolonized by mesophilic organisms |
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Term
| What happens when you add a broad c / n ratio? |
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Definition
| they will make it nitrogen deficient and there will be no yield |
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Term
| What temperature kills bad microbes in pasturization process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are benefits to composting? |
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Definition
1. safe storage
2. easier handling
3. nitrogen stabalization
4. partial serilization
5. detoxification
6. disease suppression |
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Term
| What stage kills most weed seeds and pathogenic organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of humus? |
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Definition
1. Holds water and nutrients
2. coats sand silt clay particles
3. decomposes by microbial activity at the rate of 2.5% per year
4. Buffers effects of pesticides
5. creates good soil "tilth: |
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Term
| What are the macronutrients? |
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Definition
Nonmineral: c (co2), H (h20), o (o2), NH4+, NO3-, N2
Mineral: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, H2PO4-, HPO42-, SO42- |
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Term
| Plant creates own oxygen due to what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the micronutrients? |
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Definition
| Cu2+ Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Na+ (c4 plants), |
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Term
| What are the mobile mineral elements? |
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Definition
| nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphous, chlorine, sodium, zinc, molybdenum |
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Term
| What are the immobile mineral elements? |
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Definition
| calcium, sulfur, iron, boron, copper |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-lime will last a while
-has more to come in |
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Term
| What happens if the plant is short on nitrogen? |
|
Definition
-chlorosis (low chlorophyll)
-yellowing of lower leaves
-can be revearsed if detected early |
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Term
| What are symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency similar to? |
|
Definition
-drought
-Mo deficiency
-S deficiency (S required fo sythesis of chlorophyll) |
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Term
| What happens with a phosphorous deficiency? |
|
Definition
-stunted growth
-dark green or purple leaf discoloration
-older leaves, phloem-mobile
-low soil temps & improper soil pH |
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Term
|
Definition
-reduced photosynthesis
-more susceptable to drought
-reduced leaf, stem and fruit growth
-older leaves, followed by necrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
-may resemble nitrogen deficiency
-less moble than nitrogen=chlorosis on young leaves or whole plant |
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Term
|
Definition
-membrances become leaky and cells lose strcutural integrety
-meristematic tissue (shoots and root tips) fruit and tissue
-common under drought (reduces transpiration) |
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Term
|
Definition
-low chlorophyll
-MOBILE symptoms first in older leaves
-vein chlosisis - general - necrotic
-leaves may turn red/purple |
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Term
|
Definition
-75% of Fe in the chloroplasts (other in mitoch)
-cannot sythesize chlorophyll, split water, redux reaction
-needed for oxidation
-high pH decreases availability
-fe3 - dominant, insolunable |
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Term
|
Definition
-not mobile, symptoms in young leaves
-interveinal chlorosis
-severe: whole leaves turn white |
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|
Term
| What is the center atom of iron? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by high pH
-decreases photosynthsis
-yellow spots, interveinal chlorisis in young leaves
-gray spots on lower part of the leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
-cause by high pH
-interveinal chlorosis (young or old leaves)
-short internodes
-small leaves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-reduced photosynthsis
-chlorosis, growing tip may die
-generally in young plants
-necrosis of fruit |
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Term
|
Definition
-component of urease enzyme
-mouse ear disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
-availability decreases with increa pH (8-10)
-caused by over-liming
-development of meristematic tissues will suffer bc of cells dividing and elongating
-misshapen young leaves, chlorotic and brittle
-fruit growth may be inhibited
-flower bug abortion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-high concetraions in vacuole
-involved in stomatal opening
-essental for splitting og water |
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Term
|
Definition
-availability increases with increa pH
-uptake inhibited by SO42 (stimulated by phosphate)
-symptoms occur in lower and middle leaves
(mobile)
-interveinal mottling, marginal chlorosis, leaf curling, necrotic spots |
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Term
|
Definition
| -needed for N2 fixation, required by legumes for symbiotic relationship with rhizomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| for PEP recovery in cam plants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-not as mobile
N: building block of amino acid & protein
S: heavily involved in trans of nitrate in plant |
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|
Term
| Group 2 Function: P, Si, B |
|
Definition
P: ATP, phytic acid, endosperm seeds
Si: cell wall rigidity and elasticity
B: cell elongation and nucleic acid metabolism |
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Term
| Group 3 Function: Nutrients that remain in ionic form: K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Mn, Na |
|
Definition
-Mobile bc they are in ionic form
K:open stomata
Ca: cell wall, holds together, messenger inmetabolic regulation
Mg: center ion in chlorophyll molecule
Cl:pumped to maintain charge, reaction w oxygen gas in photosythsis
Mn:Involved w the evolution of O2, like Cl
Na: regenerates PEP in c4 and cam plants |
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Term
| Group 4 Function: Nutrients involved in redux reactions: Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo |
|
Definition
-respiration + photosynthsis = redux reaction
Fe: 75% in plastids, synthesis of chlorophyll, fixation and respiration
Zn: shuttle electrons
Cu: enzymes resposnible for c2
Ni: URA, N2 fixing bacteria
Mo:responsible for transformation of nitrate into nitrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Entire plant? Sulfer.
Older leaves? Mo or Ni. |
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Term
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Definition
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