Term
| History of Plant Cultivation |
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Definition
-10,000 years ago: First Cultivation
-4,000 years ago: First Ornamental Cultivation |
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Term
| Plants with North American Origin |
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Definition
-Maygrass
-Knotweed
-Goosefoot
-Nutmeg
-Wild Rice
-Canberries
-Walnuts
-Pecans
-Sunflowers |
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Term
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Definition
-Dicots have webbed leaves vs Monocots with parallel veins
-Monocots have vascular bundles in the center of the stem vs. Dicots around the outsidesd |
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Term
| External Germination Factors |
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Definition
-Light, Water, Oxygen, Temperature
-These are all needed for germination |
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Term
| Internal Germination Factors |
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Definition
-Scarification: Wound (nicks, heat, water, chemicals) required for germination
-Stratification: Cold treatment required for germination
-Dormancy and viability
--Not present or required in all cases! |
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Term
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Definition
-Anther
-Filament
Together make Stamen! |
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Term
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Definition
-Stigma
-Style
Together make Pistil! |
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Term
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Definition
-Pollen leaves the Anther (by insect, bird, animal, or wind)
-Pollen enters the female parts at the Stigma
-Travels down the pollen tube, through the Style and into the Ovary
-Continues down the pollen tube, then enters the Ovule through the Micropyle |
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Term
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Definition
-Petals
-Sepals
-Stamen
-Female Parts (Ovaries) |
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Term
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Definition
-Meristem: Growth Center
-Dermal: Protection
-Vascular: Conducting
-Ground: Photosynthesis, Storage, Support |
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Term
| Vascular Tissues and their Functions |
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Definition
-Phloem: Carries water (sap) down from the leaves to roots or other sink
-Xylem: Brings water up from roots to leaves and other growing tissue |
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Term
| Organs Unique to Plant Cells |
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Definition
-Cell Wall
-Chloroplasts
-Central Vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
-Light Reaction: Light captured by pigments, converted into energy molecules (ATP, NADPH) for Calvin Cycle, Water split for electrons and oxygen given off
-Calvin Cycle: CO2 captured and converted (using energy molecules from Light Reaction) into Carbon+Glucose (Sugar, Food) |
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Term
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Definition
-Spacial Separation of Cycles
-CO2 Uptake during the day
-CO2 reduced twice
-Good for droughts
-Corn, Warm-season grasses |
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Term
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Definition
-Temporal Separation
-Stomata closed during the day
-CO2 uptake at night
-Calvin Cycle happens during the day, with stomata closed |
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Term
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Definition
-Breakdown of Glucose and other sugars into usable energy for the plant
-Occurs in Mitochondria
-Glycolysis: Breakdown of Glucose into 3C molecule
-Krebs Cycle: Breakdown of C3 molecule into CO2 and energy molecules (NADH, FADH2)
-Electron Transport Chain: Series of reactions producing ATP (usable energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| -It tells: use, annual vs. perennial, plant form (tree, shrub, etc), flower color, habitat, deciduous vs evergreen |
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Term
| Why Botanical (scientific) Classification? |
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Definition
-Plants have many common names (black-eyed susan)
-Many plants have the same common name (spring beauty, bluebells)
-Common names do not identify relationships
-Common names can be misleading (spanish moss) |
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Term
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Definition
-Asteraceae
-Solanaceae
-Apiaceae
-Laminaceae
-Fabaceae
-Brassicaceae |
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Term
| Characteristics of Asteraceae |
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Definition
-Flowers (Head)
-Aggregates/Composites
-Seeds: Achenes
-Plant Native to North America: Sunflower, Jerusalem Artichoke |
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Term
| Characteristics of Laminaceae |
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Definition
-Flowers have 5 petals, 2 "lips"
-Square Stems
-Opposite Leaves
-Many native to Mediterranean |
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Term
| Characteristics of Solanaceae |
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Definition
-Floral Parts on 5 or 6
-Edible cell wall
-Many native to South America |
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Term
| Characteristics of Apiaceae |
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Definition
-Flowers: Compound Umbel
-Leaves, Seeds, Roots harvested for food |
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Term
| Characteristics of Brassicaceae |
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Definition
-4 petals, shape of cross
-Fruits: Siliques
-All Tissues Used
-Radish cultivated in 2000 BC |
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Term
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Definition
-Pea/Legume Family
-Nitrogen Fixers |
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Term
| Three Examples from Each Family |
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Definition
-Asteraceae: Sunflower, Jerusalem Artichoke, Mace
-Fabaceae: Peanut, Kudzu, Soybean
-Laminaceae: Mint, Teak, Salvia
-Solanaceae: Petunia, Peppers, Henbane
-Apiaceae: Carrot, Dill, Parsley
-Brassicaceae: Broccoli, Mustard, Radish |
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Term
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Definition
-8000 years ago, man began propagating by seed: wheat, olives, squash, lettuce, cabbage, turnips, herbs
-Self: Pollination of two plants of the same species
-Cross: Pollination across species
-Very Costly to plants (20-50% of their energy) |
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Term
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Definition
-Seedless Grapes
-Bananas
-Oriental Persimmon
-Pineapple
-Navel Orange |
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Term
| Types of Asexual Propogation |
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Definition
-Cuttings: What we did in lab (cut off leaf, slice leaves, etc)
-Grafting: Join vascular tissue of one plant to another (Scion on stock)
-Tissue Cultures
-Division: Used on bulbs, corms, tubers, etc.
-Layering: stems or shoots rooted while still attached to mother plant |
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Term
| Factors influencing soil formation |
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Definition
-Parent material
-Organic Material: Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Lichens, Bryophytes, Small Vascular Plants
-Climate
-Topography: slopes more vulnerable to erosion, lowlands more vulnerable to flooding
-Time
-Tillage |
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Term
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Definition
-Support/Anchorage
-Nutrients
-Moisture |
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Term
| Properties affected by particle size |
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Definition
-Drainage
-Cation exchange
-Aeration
-Water Capacity |
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Term
| Three major particle types (in order from largest size to smallest) |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of good potting media |
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Definition
-Good Drainage
-Good Aeration
-Particle stability
-Easily Wettable
-pH 5.5 to 6.0
-Good Cation exchange
-Sterile (free of weeds) |
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Term
| Materials in potting mixes |
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Definition
-Organic: Peat Moss, Wood by-products, Bark
-Inorganic: Sand, Perlite, Vermiculite, Rock Wool |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Calcium
-Magnesium
-Iron
-Potassium
-Sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
-Chlorine
-Zinc
-Copper
-Manganese
-Boron
-Sodium
-Cobalt
-Nickel
-Molybdenum |
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Term
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Definition
-Nitrogen
-Phosphate
-Potash |
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Term
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Definition
-Auxin
-GA
-Jasmonates
-Ethylene
-Cytokinins
-Abscissic Acid |
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Term
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Definition
-Cell elongation
-Apical Dominance
-Inhibition of Abscission
-Promotes Rooting
-Found in Agent Orange |
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Term
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Definition
-Cell Division/Expansion
-Shoot/Organ Development
-Delay Leaf Senescence
-Cotyledon Enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
-Stem Elongation
-Cell Elongatoin
-Breaking Seed Dormancy
-Promote Flowering
-Promote Parthenocarpic Fruit |
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Term
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Definition
-Promote Fruit Ripening
-Promote Abscission
-Hastening of Senescence |
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Term
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Definition
-Inhibition of Seed Germination
-Regulates opening and closing of Stomata
-Inducer of Senescence |
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Term
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Definition
-Retards Growth of roots and coleoptiles
-Promotes Leaf Senescence
-Induces defense and stress-related responses
-Promotes pollen dehiscence |
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Term
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Definition
-Phototropism (light)
-Gravitropism (gravity)
-Thigmotropism (touch)
-Hydrotropism (water)
-Heliotropism (solar movements)
-Photoperiodism (day length)
-Nastic Responses (random movements not toward or away form stimuli) |
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Term
| Factors influencing post-harvest handling |
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Definition
-Kind of Produce
-Fresh vs. Dry
-Maturity of Produce
-Ripening
-Mechanical vs. Hand-Picked |
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Term
| Types of Insect pests and examples of each |
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Definition
-Leaf Chewers: Caterpillars, Beetles, Weevils
-Sucking Pests: Aphids, Mealybugs, Thrips
-Burrowers: Leaf Miners, Weevil Larvae, Borers
-Soil Pests: Cutworms |
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Term
| Types of Companion plants and examples of each |
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Definition
-Attractant Plants: Mint, Thyme, Daisy, Parsley
-Repellent Plants: Marigolds, Basil, Rosemary, Garlic, and Borage
-Allies: Legumes, Monarda |
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Term
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Definition
-Prevent loss of plants
-Improve Yield
-Improve Quality
-Improve Aesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
-Safety
-Environment: Runoff, Destroy beneficial insects |
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Term
| Types of Diseases and examples of each |
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Definition
-Bacteria: Wilts, Blights, Leaf Spots,
Scab
-Fungi: Rusts, Rots, Blights
-Virus: Streak, Mosaic, Curly Top, Necrosis |
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Term
| Herbs and Spices Definition |
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Definition
| Plants functioning for uses as medicinals, components of perfume, food preservation and flavor |
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Term
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Definition
-Herbs generally come from vegetable substances, originating from herbaceous tissue (leaves, stems, etc.)
-Spices also from vegetable substance, but originating from root, bark, fruit, or dried seed. |
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Term
| Mediterranean Herbs/Spices |
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Definition
-Corriander
-Saffron
-Bay Laurel |
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Term
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Definition
-Cardamon
-Clove
-Cinnamon
-Tamarind
-Mace
-Nutmeg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Northern European Herbs/Spices |
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Definition
-Mustard
-Horseradish
-Caraway |
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Term
| Three Major Nutrient Deficiencies |
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Definition
-Vitamin A: 100-140 million children
-Iron: 4-5 billion people
-Iodine: 740 million people |
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Term
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Definition
-Canola
-Corn
-Cotton
-Papaya
-Soybean |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Corn
-Soybean
-Cotton
-Canola |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Means of Direct Gene Transfer |
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Definition
-Particle Bombardment
-Direct Injection
-Bacterial Gene Transfer
-Electroporation |
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Term
| Ethical Objections to GMOs |
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Definition
-We Should not play God
-We shouldn't change the world through new technology
-We should not cross natural species barriers
-We should not use non-sexual means of reproduction |
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Term
| Health Objections to GMOs |
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Definition
-It is unhealthy to eat unnatural foods
-Transgenic foods could create new allergies
-Transferred Genes could be transferred to humans |
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Term
| Environmental Objections to GMO Crops |
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Definition
-Plants will cross-pollinate and insect resistance will be transferred to weeds
-BT crops will kill beneficial insects like monarchs |
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Term
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Definition
-Moonlight
-Rooftop
-Rain
-Wildlife
-Savage
-Winter |
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Term
| Aspects of Moonlight Garden |
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Definition
-Fragrant Night Bloomers
-Reflective Foliage
-Evening Flowering Plants
-White Bark
-Reflective Pools
-Pale Colored Stone Paths
-Fragrant Vines and Foliage |
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Term
| Aspects of Wildlife Gardens |
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Definition
-Plants with Sweet Nectar
-Plants with Succulent Fruit
-Plants with edible dry seeds
-Seating/viewing to see wildlife
-Wildlife: Animals, Birds, Insects (Butterflies)
-Water and Additional Food Sources |
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Term
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Definition
-Pitcher Plants
-Sundews
-Venus Fly Traps
-Butterworts
-Bladderworts |
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Term
| Benefits of Rooftop Gardens |
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Definition
-Aesthetics
-Privacy
-Reduce Energy use
-Reduce heating/cooling costs
-Decrease Water Runoff
-Provide Noise Insulation
-Improve Air Quality
-Increase Space for People/Wildlife
-Increase Food Supply
-Increase Local Economy
-Provide Sustainability
-Increase Property Values/Rent |
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Term
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Definition
-Trap and Treat Pollutants
-Recharge Groundwater
-Restore Natural Habitats
-Improve Soil
-Attract Birds, Animals, Insects
-Low Maintenance, No Mow
-Beauty |
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Term
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Definition
-Fencing
-Tree Guards
-Repellents
-Traps
-Environmental Changes |
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Term
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Definition
-Maple
-Oak
-Witchberry
-Weeping Willow
-Elm
-Hawthorne
-Eastern White Pine
-Paper Birch
-Chestnut
-Hickory
-Hemlock |
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Term
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Definition
-Moss on soil
-Premature Leaf Abscission
-New Leaves Yellow
-Poor Growth
-Mold
-Soil Always Wet |
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Term
| Signs of Too Little Water |
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Definition
-Stunted Growth
-Few Flowers
-Flowers fade quickly |
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Term
| Signs of Too Little Light |
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Definition
-Slow Growth
-New Leaves lack color development
-Old Leaves are Pale
-Leaf Tips or Edges Brown
-Multi-colored plants become all green
-Directional Growth
-Lack of Flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-Grayish Brown Scorch Patches
-Plants wilt in the middle of the day |
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Term
| Goals of Sustainable Agriculture |
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Definition
-Conservation of: water, soil
-Management of Wastes
-Selection of Plants adapted to environment
-Increase Biodiversity
-Pest Management
-Conservation of Energy and Resources
-Increase profit and reduce risk |
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Term
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Definition
-Trinitario
-Forastero
-Criollo |
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