- enhance property value

- reduce noise

- helps stuctures blend into terrain

- provides privacy

- prevents erosion

- control people and vehicle traffic

- can reduce damage and injury

- create places for recreation

- used as a hobby or for hoticulture therapy

- home

- public area

- commercial

- specialty site

- color

- texture

- form

- line

- simplicity

- balance

- proportion

- focalization

- rhythm and line

- creation

- client needs

- purpose of landscape

- analysis of site and its use

- plant material selection

- plant arrangement

- trees

- shrubs

- groundcovers

- vines

- flowers

- climatic requirements

- pest problems

- soil, nutrient, and pH requirements

- color

- characteristics of flowers and fruits

- life span of the plant

- plant names

- growth rate and maturity

- deciduous or evergreen

- public

- private

- service

- outdoor floor

- outdoor ceiling

- outdoor walls

- corner

- line

- foundation

- accent

              find where all underground utilities are located at site, mark where they are located

concrete and asphault-inexpensive, do not create interesting landscape design
brick and stone-create interesting design, expensive

Chain link-little privacy, provide security
Rail type-no security, shows property line
basket weave-security, expensive

disconnects electricity to lamp when detects short circuit

functionality-security, walking lighting
aesthetic- up and down lighting

trim plant to maintain natural beauty, trim plants to obtain desired effect, eliminate dangerous branches, enhance overall plant health, enhance flower and fruit production

external: crown, terminal, scaffold branches, trunk, suckers
internal: outer bark, phloem, cambium, xylem, pith

should be sharp; shears, manual saws, power saws, pole saws, pruners

Late fall. early winter; few other farming operations at this time

reducing total height by 1/3 or half at top, not commonly used today

immediately after flowering each year

formal, informal; imformal

utility, ornamentation, sport

density, texture, uniformity, color, growth, habit, smoothness

rigidity, elasticity, resiliency, recuperative potential

- Kingdom

- phylum

- class

- subclass

- order

- family

- genus

- species

 - cultivar

Classify Cynodon dactylon L. ‘Cheyenne’ using scientific classification; be sure to provide everything from Kingdom through Cultivar

Plantae ____________

Spermatophyta                     

Angiospermae ___________

Monocotyledonae _____________

Poales ____________

Poaceae _____________

Cynodon ____________

Dactylon ______________

Cheyenne ______________

kinds of grass used, environmental conditions, amount of money

sexual: inexpensive, more times required
asexual: high quality turf rapidly, expensive

soil testing, weed control, soil texture, removal of large objects, drainage and irrigation systems, soil leveling

early spring, last summer, early fall

higher than normal maintenance; never remove more than 1/3 of turfgrass blade

sod, plugs, sprigs

4 times; early spring, late spring, late summer, late fall

7-10 days without rain

when not shifted down into turf

accumulation of excess grass stems, stolens, rhizomes, and roots; overfertilization; controlling requires physical removal of excess plants growth to permit air and water to penetrate

use integrated pest management program

freshmarket and processing

California

Reduces cancer rates and heart disease

pot herbs and greens, salad, cole, root/tuber, bulb, legumes, cucurbits, solanaceous, other

climatic requirements, life cycle, culture requirements, usage and quality

cool-broccoli warm-tomato

length of growing season required to maturity prior to frost damage; frost-free period

count number of days from planting to maturity, use degree days

using row covers, sprinkler irrigation and fogging, while in extreme cases heaters, smudges pots and fans

test soil, control weeds, add organic matter, till the soil, installation of irrigation systems

tillage-before plants in field, cultivation-when plants are in field

expensive, transplanting shock

proper mgmt of nutrients, watering, pest control, staking and training, protection from damaging temp, air movement

organic vegetable, sustainable, hydroponics, biotechnology

selecting location, choosing what plant, how to arrange

soil preparation, planting, pest control, watering, staking and training, harvesting, end of season

color, size, flavor, shape, appearance, solution in the absense of soil

freshmarketing and processing

high nutrient content, rich in phytochemicals

simple, aggregate, multiple

climatic requirements, usage, cultural requirements, yield and quality, resistance to pests

tolerate poorly drained soil conditions, protect from soil insects and diseases, control size

6.5

advective-proper site selection
radiation-use overhead sprinklers, cover the crop, use heaters

increases fruit quality, reduces disease problems, increases fruit/plant size

eliminates problems with biennial bearing, prevents physical damage, enhances fruit size, shape, color, overall quality

T or F?

Successful landscaping begins with proper installation followed by routine maintenance.

T or F?

 Landscape planning is both an art and a science.

T or F?

The principles of design help people develop good designs that are economical to install even though they may be difficult to maintain. 

T or F?

 Skills in both computer-aided design and hard-drawn design maximize job prospects.

T or F?

It is not very important to know the actual purpose of the landscape because there are many other more important factors that should be considered when preparing a landscape plan. 

T or F?

An important factor to analyze when preparing a landscape plan is the site; if this is done properly, any design can be used effectively. 

T or F?

Today the only acceptable landscape plans are created using a computer and CAD program. 

T or F?

In a xeriscape the emphasis is on the use of plants with low moisture requirements. 

T or F?

Designing planting begins with an outdoor room concept where the room consists of a floor, ceiling, and walls. 

T or F?

When arranging plant materials, four kinds of plantings are commonly used. One of these is a line planting, which is planting along walls or foundations of buildings. 

T or F?

When arranging plant materials, four kinds of planting are commonly used. One of these is a corner planting, which creates the walls of the outdoor room. 

T or F?

Hardscaping describes landscapes that only use rocks and cacti. 

T or F?

 Hardscaping features in the landscape should be installed after the plants have been planted.

T or F?

 Today, low-voltage lamps provide security and beautify the landscape; therefore, GFCIs should be installed for protection.

T or F?

The balled and burlapped method for harvesting nursery plants has the disadvantage of causing transplanting shock. 

T or F?

A tensiometer is one way to determine the location of electrical lines before digging. 

T or F?

When planting trees that have been balled and burlapped, it is important to make the planting hole the same size as the ball. 

T or F?

When using the balled and burlapped planting technique, the top of the ball should be approximately 6 inches below the soil surface. 

T or F?

Antitranspirants should be sprayed on the plant’s foliage to reduce water loss following transplanting. T 

T or F?

Homes in the 1950s contained only a few flowering plants in the front yard as an accent. 

T or F?

Rail-type fences not only provide security but also show where the property line is located. 

T or F?

A good design and proper installation does not mean there will be a reduction in the amount of annual maintenance. 

T or F?

It is not always important to have specific goals in mind prior to pruning to achieve the best results. 

T or F?

 An important pruning goal is to maintain the plants’ natural beauty.

T or F?

An important pruning goal is to decrease flower and fruit production. 

T or F?

Tree plant is commonly used to protect wounds after pruning. 

T or F?

When pruning, it is important to select branches with narrow branch angles to achieve a more compact plant. 

T or F?

When pruning, it is very important to prune as close to the trunk as possible. 

T or F?

The best time of the year to prune is during the late fall to early winter because few other farming operations are done at this time. 

T or F?

Tree topping, which reduces the total height of the tree one-third to one-half by removing upper scaffold branches, is a common practice today. 

T or F?

Grapes are usually grown on trellises. 

T or F?

Flowering shrubs develop next year’s buds during the early spring. 

T or F?

Evergreens have a dead zone 6 to 12 inches below the green needles. 

T or F?

Shade trees growing in the home landscape require little pruning. 

T or F?

 Fertilization can be used to increase flower production in trees, shrubs, and flowering plants.

T or F?

In times of drought, trees and shrubs do not require watering. 

T or F?

The three purposes and functions of turf are utility, ornamentation, and sports. 

T or F?

Turf is a collection of grass plants that forms a ground cover and must be regularly maintained. 

T or F?

Turfgrass is a collection of plants in a ground cover and the soil in which roots grow. 

T or F?

Sod is a small block or square of turf. 

T or F?

 A sprig is part of the grass plant without soil.

T or F?

Sod is the surface layer of turf, including plants and a thin layer of soil used in propagating new turf. 

T or F?

Warm season turfgrasses are limited by cold weather, which imposes winter dormancy. 

T or F?

Cool season turfgrasses are limited by heat, which imposes summer dormancy. 

T or F?

 Most warm season turfgrasses are propagated vegetatively by sod, plugs, or sprigs.

T or F?

An example of a warm season turfgrass is ryegrass. 

T or F?

 An example of a cool season turfgrass is zoysia grass. 

T or F?

Sexual propagation is the most common method used with cool season grasses. 

T or F?

Winter overseeding is planting one grass in another established grass without destroying the established grass. 

T or F?

The width of the grass blade determines the recuperative potential of turfgrass. 

T or F?

For mowing lawns, the best amount to cut off is two-thirds of the amount of grass growing. 

T or F?

Turfgrass blends are combinations of two or more different turfgrass species. 

T or F?

Turfgrass mixtures are a combination of different cultivars from the same species. 

T or F?

Grass clippings are the major contributor to thatch buildup. 

T or F?

 Thatch is caused by an accumulation of excess grass stems, stolons, rhizomes, and roots in the turf.

T or F?

 Fertilization of cool season turfgrasses in the late spring will help them to survive heat encountered later in the season.

T or F?

 Fertilization of cool season turfgrasses should never be done in the late fall because it will damage plants when the first frost arrives.

T or F?

After 7 to 10 days without rain, grasses will wilt and should be watered to prevent permanent damage. 

T or F?

The best time to water is when the grass needs it; this will promote deeper root growth and better drought tolerance. 

T or F?

It is always important to rake up grass clippings after mowing. 

T or F?

Measuring maturation time according to heat units is a more exact manner than counting the days to maturity. 

T or F?

Row covers are used in cooler climates to increase temperature in the crop environment and to prevent infestation with insects earlier in the season. 

T or F?

Strip tillage involves tillage practices that leave more than 30 percent or more crop residues on the top of the soil to prevent soil erosion. 

T or F?

An example of subsurface irrigation is drip irrigation. 

T or F?

Fluid drilling is a method for precision planting of vegetable seeds. 

T or F?

When establishing vegetable crops by transplanting, there are problems with transplanting shock. 

T or F?

Vegetables used for processing are often picked based on acid, sugar, and color levels, which can be measured by instruments. 

T or F?

Vegetables are harvested at different stages of maturity for different uses and markets. 

T or F?

The first step following removal of a vegetable from the parent plant is to remove field heat rapidly. 

T or F?

 There are a variety of organic production systems for vegetables ranging from those that do not used synthetically produced inputs to those that merely reduce synthetically produced inputs.

T or F?

 Tomato, lettuce, and basil are the primary crops produced via hydroponics.

T or F?

The science and technology are now available for the production of GMOs; however, the major limitation is the legal battle ahead. 

T or F?

In the home garden, it is important to select vegetable crops that the gardener prefers. 

T or F?

The principles used for the home vegetable garden are similar to commercial vegetable production with the major difference being the size of the operation. 

T or F?

 Fruit pectins trap cholesterol, which ultimately prevents it from depositing in the linings of blood vessels.

T or F?

Endodormancy is the same as rest, which is dormancy imposed by external blocks. 

T or F?

Ecodormancy is the same as quiescence, which is dormancy imposed by external blocks. 

T or F?

The winter chilling requirement is calculated by determining the number of hours at and below 45°F (7.2°C). 

T or F?

 Heat units are calculated by taking the average temperature for the month minus 50°F.

T or F?

Rootstocks can be used for size control. 

T or F?

 Rootstocks can be used to protect from nematodes and other soilborne organisms.

T or F?

Rootstocks can be used to enable plants to tolerate poorly drained soils. 

T or F?

Advective freezes occur on cool, clear nights. 

T or F?

Radiation freezes are accompanied by wind and can be overcome by proper site selection. 

T or F?

Pruning increases fruit quality such as color. 

T or F?

Fruit thinning eliminates problems with biennial bearing. 

T or F?

Fruit thinning enhances fruit size, shape, color, and overall quality. 

T or F?

Fruits to be used for processing are often picked based on acid, sugar, and color levels. 

Bush planting is another name for

A. a person who plants bushes or shrubs for a living

B. an untrained person who tries to landscape without a knowledge of plant material

C. a landscape where bushes are used as the main portion of the design

D. All of the above

Important elements of design and effect in landscaping include

A. balance

B. complexity

C. a lot of maintenance

D. All of the above

Which of the following types of fencing provides security?

A. Chain-link fences

B. Rail type

C. Board-on-board

D. A and C

What is the main advantage of using asphalt as a paving material?

A. Can be used to create interesting designs

B. Relatively low cost of installation

C. A wide range of available colors

D. None of the above

Arboriculture is the term used to describe

A. early civilizations or cultures that used plants in the landscape

B. the study of the culture of plants for their usefulness in medicine

C. the study of trees, their growth, and culture

D. None of the above

Which of the following is the definition of turf?

A. A collection of grass plants that forms a ground cover and must be regularly maintained

B. A collection of plants in a ground cover and soil in which roots grow

C. A collection of monocots and dicots, which form a ground cover

D. None of the above

Mowing is important because it keeps the grass in which of the following?

A. Senescent stage

B. Reproductive stage

C. Vegetative stage

D. Dormant stage

The best time for good grass seed germination is during the

A. early spring

B. late summer

C. early fall

D. All of the above

A turfgrass blend is

A. a combination of different cultivars of the same species

B. a combination of two or more different turfgrass species

C. a mixture of four or more different cultivars of different species

D. None of the above

Thatch buildup is caused by

A. overwatering

B. overfertilizing

C. aerification

D. winter overseeding

For warm season turfgrasses, fertilizer and lime should be applied to established turf in the

A. early spring or fall

B. spring and summer

C. late spring and early fall

D. None of the above

For cool season turfgrass, the recommended number of times to fertilize each year is

A. once

B. twice

C. three times

D. four times

The state that produces almost half of the entire vegetable crop in the United States is

A. California

B. Pennsylvania

C. Florida

D. Georgia

Tillage is used for

A. soil improvement

B. seedbed establishment

C. weed control

D. All of the above

After a crop is in the field, "tillage" is then called

A. irrigation

B. conservation tillage

C. cultivation

D. aeration

Rootstocks are typically used for the following purposes in fruit trees:

A. Size control

B. To protect against soil insects or soil diseases

C. To enable plants to tolerate poorly drained soil conditions

D. All of the above

design

installation

maintenance

1. Genus

2. species

3. cultivar

4. authority

The scientific name of a specific plant is given here. For each numbered part of the name, write the taxon or, in the case of 4, the most appropriate item.

Brassica oleraceae L. 'Union'

Brassica 1.                    oleracea 2.               

'Union' 3.                         L. 4.                 

cool

inexpensive

more

sod, plugs, and sprigs

warm

Pomology is the branch of horticulture dealing with 

            and               .