Term
| atmospheric (above-ground) and edaphic (soil and area of plant roots) |
|
Definition
| List 2 main areas of the plant environment and define each |
|
|
Term
-light
-temperature
-air
-moisture
-wind |
|
Definition
| List 5 abiotic atmospheric conditions that have an effect on plant growth |
|
|
Term
-red/yellow = promotes elongation
-green/blue = inhibits elongation
-high intensity = short plants, dark green, brittle leaves
-low intensity = tall |
|
Definition
| What are the effects of red/yellow light, green/blue light, high-intensity light, and low-intensity light on plant growth? |
|
|
Term
| oxygen in roots is reduced |
|
Definition
| Why does excessive water applied to the roots kill plants? |
|
|
Term
+ reduces moisture
+ cools the plant
- desiccation
- spread fungal spores |
|
Definition
| What are 2 benefits and 2 problems associated with wind? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are 2 problems caused by impeded water movement into the soil? |
|
|
Term
| to maintain the proper balance of O2 and CO2 |
|
Definition
| Why is it important to aerate the soil? |
|
|
Term
-type of soil
-air temperature
-wind
-solar radiation |
|
Definition
| What are 4 factors that affect soil temperature? |
|
|
Term
| promote drainage by modifying soil texture |
|
Definition
| Provide 1 way to control soil temperature in the field |
|
|
Term
-irrigation water
-fertilizers |
|
Definition
| What are 2 ways salt builds up in the soil and causes problems with plant growth? |
|
|
Term
-vertebrate animals
-microorganisms
-arthropod animals
-nonarthropod animals |
|
Definition
| List the 4 main categories of soil organisms and provide examples of each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combined effect of complex interactions between temperature, rainfall, wind, light, and relative humidity at a specific location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a yearly pattern of weather factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual quantity of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated growth of the stem caused by low light levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual color or wavelength of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the length of the dark period that influences plant growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that will flower only when the dark period is greater than a certain critical length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that will flower only when the dark period is shorter than a certain critical length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that flower in response to the genotype with no specific light requirement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant that is less sensitive to temperature extremes than a tender plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant that cannot tolerate cool weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradually subjecting plants to cooler temperatures with less frequent watering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the water content of the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio of the weight of the water vapor in a given quantity of air to the total weight of water vapor that a quantity of air can hold at a given temperature; expressed as a percentage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of water from the plant through the leaves in the vapor form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plant cells are full of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the plant is unable to absorb an adequate amount of water to replace that lost by transpiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an impermeable, waxy material on the outside layer of leaves and stems that prevents water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease-causing organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical deterioration of a plant community resulting from excessive stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all the pore spaces in the soil are filled with water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water that moves from the large pore spaces due to the pull of gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the layer of organic residue above the soil surface and just below the green leaves of the host plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when soil is compressed into a very dense mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference between soil moisture at field capacity and the wilting point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all gravitational water has drained out of the large pore spaces leaving only the small pore spaces containing water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combination of water lost from the soil surface by evaporation and by transpiration from the leaf surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point at which water can no longer be absorbed by the plant, resulting in moisture stress, which causes wilting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of atmospheric air into thje soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| downward movement of the petioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of salt found in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| units of electrical conductivity designated by milliSiemens/cm at 25°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to an organism that causes diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant and fungi association in which both the host plant and fungi benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically multicellular plants that lack chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that can live only on dead tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that can only survive on living tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that survive on dead or living tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that can survive on both dead and living tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that have exoskeletons and jointed legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that do not have exoskeletons or jointed legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Atmospheric conditions such as temperature, moisture, light, and wind are all unfluenced by the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
When plants are grown under high-light intensities, they are generally shorter and darker green than plants grown under low-light intensities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Light color influences plant growth. Red/yellow light promotes elongation growth whereas green/blue promotes shorter plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Photoperiod is the length of the light period that affects plant growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
One of the benefits of wind is that it promotes shorter plants with tougher cuticles, thereby making them more resistant to stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The biotic environment is the soil and area where plant roots are located. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Soil temperature is not effected by air temperature. |
|
|
Term
| B. due to reduced levels of oxygen in the root zone |
|
Definition
Excessive watering kills plants
A. due to elevated levels of oxygen in the root zone
B. due to reduced levels of oxygen in the root zone
C. due to elevated atmospheric nitrogen levels in the root zone
D. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| B. when the water content of the soil fills the small pore spaces |
|
Definition
Field moisture capacity is
A. the amount of water retained by the soil that plants can absorb
B. when the water content of the soil fills the small pore spaces
C. when the water content of the soil fills the large pore spaces
D. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| B. salt buildup from irrigation water |
|
Definition
Saline soils are caused by
A. acid rain
B. salt buildup from irrigation water
C. improper crop rotations
D. all of the above
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps plant cells turgid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive water kills plants due to reduced in the roots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water movement into the soil can be impeded by , which is the layer of organic residue above the soil surface and just below the green leaves of the host plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who made the profound statement "Ohne Wuchstoff, kein Wachstum," which when translated means without growth substances no growth? |
|
|
Term
-auxins
-gibberellins
-cytokinins
-abscisic
-ethylene
-brassinosteroids |
|
Definition
| List the 6 classes of plant hormones. |
|
|
Term
auxins - stimulate ethylene production in tomatoes
gibberellins - development of fruits without seeds
ctyokinins - cause senescence in plants
ethylene - causes plants to ripen |
|
Definition
| Provide a commerical use for auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene. |
|
|
Term
Zimmerman & Wilcoxon - first to show auxin stimulated ethylene production in tomato plants
Nitsch - auxin promotes increases in fruit size |
|
Definition
| List 3 researchers who were pioneers in auxin research and list their contributions |
|
|
Term
| IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) |
|
Definition
| What is the only active auxin found in plants? |
|
|
Term
- cell elongation
- phototropism
- gravitropism
- apical dominance
- root initiation
- ethylene production
- fruit growth
- sex expression
- weed control |
|
Definition
| Provide 8 physiological processes in which auxins have a regulatory role. |
|
|
Term
- indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (promote adventitious root formation
- 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (control weeds) |
|
Definition
| Give 2 synthetic auxins and a commerical use for each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who was the scientist that first crystallized gibberellin A and what material was used for purification? |
|
|
Term
- stimulates stem growth in intact plants
- bolting and flowering
- seed germination
- dormancy
- sex expression
- fruit growth
- parthenocarpy |
|
Definition
| Provide 7 physiological processes in which gibberellins have a regulatory role. |
|
|
Term
1. gibberellins produced in embryo
2. gibberellins transported to aleurone layer of cells
3. α-amylase produced = conversion of starch to sugar in endosperm - sugars used for energy |
|
Definition
| What is the series of events that takes place during germination in barley seeds starting with where gibberellins are synthesized? |
|
|
Term
| Miller - aged herring sperm |
|
Definition
| Who was the first scientist to purify a cytokinin and what material was used for purification? |
|
|
Term
| Miller and Letham - zea mays |
|
Definition
| Who were the 2 scientists responsible for the purification of zeatin and what source was used to purify this compound? |
|
|
Term
- cell divsion
- organ formation
- senescence
- stomatal opening
- lateral bud break
- sex expression |
|
Definition
| List 6 physiological processes in which cytokinins have a regulatory role. |
|
|
Term
| Addicott group and Wareing group - cotton and birch trees |
|
Definition
| Who were the first scientists to discover abscisic acid and what material was used for purification? |
|
|
Term
| plant stress signal - indicates plant is undergoing water stress |
|
Definition
| What is the main physiological process affected by abscisic acid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who discovered that ethylene caused the triple response in pea seedlings? |
|
|
Term
- fruit ripening
- seedling growth
- senescence
- abscission
- sex expression |
|
Definition
| List 4 physiological processes in which ethylene has a regulatory role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the trade name for a synthetic form of ethylene? |
|
|
Term
| Mitchell and Gregory - crude lipid extract from rape pollen |
|
Definition
| Who were the first scientists to discover brassins and what material were brassins extracted from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the main physiological effect of brassinosteroids? |
|
|
Term
- method of application
- environmental conditions
- cultivars
- cultural practices |
|
Definition
| What are 4 general factors that affect the plant response to plant growth regulators? |
|
|
Term
- more uniform and compact plants
- better plant appearance
- better plant transplantation from improved root systems
- improved shelf life
- ability to withstand drought stress better
- reduced frequency of mowing for turfgrasses |
|
Definition
| What are the major benefits of using plant growth retardants in agriculture today? |
|
|
Term
- improved harvest
- reduced fruit drop
- wider harvest window that may enhance fruit size and color
- improved storage potential and better fruit condition after harvest
- reduction of physiological disorders |
|
Definition
| What are 5 benefits of using the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor Retain®? |
|
|
Term
- fruit thinning and sticking fruit to trees
- promoting adventitious rooting
- controlling weeds |
|
Definition
| What are 3 commercial uses for auxins today? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a compound that is chemically characterized, biosynthesized within the plant, broadly distributed in the plant kingdom, performs specific biological activity at extremely low concentrations, and plays a fundamental role in regulating physiological phenomena in vivo in a dose dependent manner and/or due to changes in sensitivity of the tissue during development. All of them are naturally occurring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds other than nutrients (materials that supply either energy or essential mineral elements) that in small amounts promote, inhibit, or otherwise modify any physiological process in plants. Can be naturally occurring or synthetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organic compound that retards cell division and cell elongation in shoot tissues and thus regulates height physiologically without causing malformation of leaves and stems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substances that roots absorb from the growing medium with water, are not carbohydrates, and supply the plant with either energy or essential mineral elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Latin, meaning other auxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of plant hormones with activity similar to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of plant hormones with activity similar to gibberellic acid (GA3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of plant hormones with activity similar to kinetin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant hormone that is produced in response to water stress and is directly involved in stomatal opening and closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant hormone that is a simple unsaturated hydrocarbon generally accepted to be the fruit-ripening hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of plant hormones with activity similar to brassinolide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the temporary suspension of visible plant growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of fruits without pollination or fertilization, resulting in seedlessness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an undifferentiated mass of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first bioassay used to quantify ethylene consisted of the following suppression of stem elongation, increase in radial expansion (lateral expansion), and promotion of bending or horizontal growth in response to gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general failure of many biosynthetic reactions that precede cell death characterized by chlorophyll degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the separation of a plant part from the parent plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a crude lipid extract from rape pollen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the active component in brassins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated fruit and prominent calyx lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
All plant growth regulators are plant hormones, but not all plant hormones are plant growth regulators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
An important component of the definition of a plant hormone is that it must be chemically characterized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was first discovered in human urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Auxins stimulate root initiation and inhibit root elongation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Auxins promote cell elongation in intact plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Negative gravitropism is upward bending. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
IAA accelerates growth on the dark side of the coleoptile, while growth proceeds normally on the illuminated side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Auxins stimulate ethylene production; therefore, many of the responses once attributed to auxins are now found to be due to ethylene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Heteroauxin also means "other auxin," which is known today as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Gibberellins were first discovered in a fungus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
GA1 and GA2 are the most commonly used forms of gibberellins used today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Kinetin is a naturally occurring form of cytokinin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
When a plant undergoes water stress, ABA levels are reduced dramatically to protect the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Brassinolide is a crude lipid extract from rape pollen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Brassins are the active component in brassinolide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The ethylene-releasing compound Proxy® is used to reduce the required frequency of mowing and volume of grass clippings collected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Florel® is an ethylene-releasing compound that is used to induce flowering and modify sex expression. |
|
|
Term
| C. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) |
|
Definition
Which of the following is the naturally occurring auxin found in plants?
A. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
B. Indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAH)
C. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following plant hormones promotes cell elongation in intact plants?
A. Auxins
B. Gibberellins
C. Cytokinins
D. Brassinosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is the major physiological effect of abscisic acid?
A. Gravitropism
B. Phototropism
C. Plant stress signal
D. All of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is the only gaseous plant hormone?
A. Abscisic acid
B. Ethylene
C. Propylene
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is the major physiological effect of brassinolide?
A. Shoot elongation
B. Root initiation
C. Plant stress signal
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is the active ingredient found in Release®?
A. Gibberellic acid
B. Indole-3-acetic acid
C. Zeatin
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
| A. Indole-3-butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid |
|
Definition
What are the active ingredient(s) in Dip and Grow®?
A. Indole-3-butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid
B. Indole-3-acetic acid
C. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Auxins are a class of compounds with activity similar to . |
|
|
Term
- embryo
- aleurone
- alpha amylase
- starch
- sugar |
|
Definition
| During seed germination, gibberellins are produced in the and transported to the layer of cells where is produced, which causes the conversion of to in the endosperm. These materials are used for energy during the germination process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytokinins promote , which is an undifferentiated mass of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the only gaseous plant hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brassinosteroids are a class of compounds with activity similar to . |
|
|
Term
| indole-3-butyric acid(IBA) |
|
Definition
| The active ingredient in Rhizopon® and Hormodin® is . |
|
|
Term
A - ACC Synthase
B - ACC oxidase
C - AdoMet
D - ACC |
|
Definition
Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway
A B
→ →
C D Ethylene
Math the terms with the letter
- ACC Synthase - ACC oxidase
- AdoMet - ACC |
|
|
Term
A. Starch
B. Sugar
C. GA
D. α-amylase
E. Seed Coat
F. Starchy Endosperm
G. Aleurone Layer
H. Embryo |
|
Definition
[image]
Match the terms to the picture
A. - Seed Coat
B. - α-amylase
C. - Embryo
D. - Starch
E. - Sugar
F. - Aleurone layer
G. - GA
H. - Starchy endosperm |
|
|
Term
Advantage = longer postharvest life
Disadvantage = flavor not as good |
|
Definition
| Describe the main advantage and disadvantage of harvesting horticultural crops to be used for consumption prior to maturity. |
|
|
Term
advantage = good flavor
disadvantage = shorter postharvest life |
|
Definition
| Describe the main advantage and disadvantage of harvesting horticultural commodities to be used for consumption when they are vine-ripe. |
|
|
Term
Hand (adv) - picked selectively, saves time required for cleaning and sorting, machinery may not be available
Hand (dis) - labor intensive, expensive, slow
Machine (adv) - Speed
Machine (dis) - cost of machines, upkeep of machines
|
|
Definition
| What are the main advantages and disadvantages of hand- and mechanical harvesting? |
|
|
Term
developed = 5%-25%
undeveloped = 20%-50% |
|
Definition
| What are the estimated percentage post-harvest losses in developed and undeveloped countries? |
|
|
Term
1. biological and environmental factors involved in deterioration of agricultural commodities
2. proper post-harvest techniques to delay deterioration |
|
Definition
| What are 2 factors that producers and handlers must consider to reduce post-harvest losses? |
|
|
Term
-respiration
-ethylene production
-compositional changes
-growth and development
-physiological breakdown
-transpiration
-phsical and pathological damage |
|
Definition
| What are the 7 biological factors involved in the post-harvest deterioration of horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-accelerated senescence
-reduced food value
-loss of flavor (sweetness)
-loss of salable dry weight |
|
Definition
| What are 4 factors that occur as a result of increased respiration? |
|
|
Term
1. conversion to malonyl ACC via enzyme ACC N-malonyltranferase
2. conversion to ethylene via enzyme ACC oxidase |
|
Definition
| Provide the last 2 steps in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway; be sure to include the intermediates and enzymes associated with each of these steps. |
|
|
Term
- maturation
- physical injuries
- water stress
- disease
- temperature extremes |
|
Definition
| List 5 causes of increased ethylene production rates. |
|
|
Term
-decrease storage temperature
-decrease O2 levels to less than 8%
-treat with inhibitors AVG, AOA, or cobalt chloride
-genetically engineer plants to reduce production of ethylene |
|
Definition
| What are 4 ways to block ethylene production? |
|
|
Term
-treat flowers with STS
-place in hypobaric storage
-treat with levels of CO2 over 2%
-genetically engineer |
|
Definition
| What are 4 ways to block ethylene action? |
|
|
Term
-pigments
-phenolic compounds
-carbohydrates
-organic acids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, lipids |
|
Definition
| What are 4 general categories of compositional changes that occur during postharvest deterioration of horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-yellow, orange, and red
-lycopene |
|
Definition
| What colors do carotinoids promote in fruits? What is the specific carotinoid responsible for red color in tomatoes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What colors do anthocyanins promote in fruits? |
|
|
Term
-sprouting
-rooting
-elongation and curvature
-seed germination |
|
Definition
| What are 4 types of growth and development that adversely affect horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-freezing injury
-chilling injury
-heat injury
-preharvest nutritional imbalances |
|
Definition
| What are 4 factors that lead to physiological breakdown? |
|
|
Term
-browing and pitting
-water soaked areas
-uneven ripening; failure to ripen
-off flavors
-mold and decay |
|
Definition
| What are 5 common symptoms of chilling injury? |
|
|
Term
small = insensitive
large = sensitive |
|
Definition
| Distinguish between chilling-sensitive and chilling-insensitive plants. |
|
|
Term
| rapidly remove field heat |
|
Definition
| What is the first step in effective temperature management to extend the shelf life of horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-hydrocooling
-in-package icing
-evaporative cooling
-refrigeration
-vacuum cooling
-hydro-vacuum cooling |
|
Definition
| List 6 ways to cool down commodities removed from the field. |
|
|
Term
-humidifiers
-sprinkle commodities with water
-regulate air movement |
|
Definition
| What are 3 ways to control relative humidity during storage of horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-controlled or modified atmospheres
-curing root, bulb, and tuber crops
-removing damaged fruits
-waxing; coating surfaces
-heat treatment
-treat with fungicides and insecticides
-sprout inhibitors
-calcium, gibberellins, and antiethylene
-ehtylene treatment
-sanitation |
|
Definition
| What are 10 supplements to temperature and humidity management that can be used to extend the storage life of horticultural commodities? |
|
|
Term
-using more economical methods
-reduce loss to chilling injury
-replace waxing and reduce water loss
-increase mechanization
-genetically engineering crops |
|
Definition
| List 5 future trends for handling horticultural commodities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when fruits or vegetables are picked after they are ripe and ready for immediate use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which stored organic materials (carbohydrate, protein, fat) are broken down into simple end products (such as water and carbon dioxide) with a release of energy for plant growth and development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruits that show large increases in CO2 and ethylene (C2H4) production rates coincident with ripening and will ripen in response to exogenous applications of ethylene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruits that show no change in their generally low CO2 and C2H4 production rates during ripening and will not ripen in response to ethylene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of CO2 and O2 levels during storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of CO2 and O2 levels during storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Postharvest breakdown of fruits and vegetables cannot be stopped, but it can be slowed down dramatically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Climacteric fruits ripen in response to ethylene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Nonclimacteric fruits ripen in response to treatment with brassinosteroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
No consistent relationship exists between ethylene production rates and a commodity's perishability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The rate of deterioration of harvested commodities is proportional to the respiration rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Phenolic compounds are responsible for changes in color pigments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Apples are climacteric fruits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Strawberries are nonclimacteric fruits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Lycopene is a carotinoid giving tomatoes their red color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The green pigment found in potatoes stored in light is very toxic to humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Rapid removal of field heat is the first step in effective temperature management to improve postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables. |
|
|
Term
| B. Yellow, orange, and red |
|
Definition
Carotinoids are desirable in fruits because they give them which of the following colors?
A. Green, blue, and red
B. Yellow, orange, and red
C. Red, blue, and purple
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anthocyanins are desirable in fruits because they give them which of the following colors?
A. Red and yellow
B. Green and blue
C. Red and blue
D. Orange and red |
|
|
Term
| fresh market or processing |
|
Definition
| Horticultural crops used for consumption can be harvested for or . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harvesting can be done by or . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During respiration is used and is liberated. |
|
|
Term
-Carbon dioxide
-ethylene |
|
Definition
| Climacteric fruits show a large increase in and during ripening, whereas nonclimacteric fruits show no change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks ethylene action or production?
Silver Nitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks ethylene action or production?
Hypobaric storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks ethylene action or production?
Increase CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks ethylene action or production?
Decrease CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks ethylene action or production?
AOA |
|
|
Term
| egg, larvae, pupae, and adult stage |
|
Definition
| The four distinct stages involved in complete metamorphosis are , , , and . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insects have 3 distinct body parts, which include the , , and . |
|
|
Term
-crop losses
-control costs |
|
Definition
| Weeds cause many problems that cost billions of dollars annually due to and . |
|
|
Term
| B. They wound the roots of plants, which allows fungi and abcteria to enter the root |
|
Definition
The major problem caused by nematodes is:
A. They feed on foliage of plants
B. They wound the roots of plants, which allows fungi and bacteria to enter the root
C. They enter the xylem causing the plant to wilt and die
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abiotic diseases are caused by which of the following?
A. Parasites
B. Bacteria
C. Pathogens
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is an excellent control measure for animals protected by law that are causing damage to crops?
A. Destroy the animals' habitat
B. Capture the animal and move it to another location
C. Use sound to scare away the animal
D. All of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts use mandibles to pierce the leaf and suck out the juices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The type of insect that uses mandibles is said to be a chewing insect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
An example of an insect order that contains many species that cause problems in horticultural crops is Coleoptera. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
An example of an insect order that contains many species that cause problems in horticultural crops is Homoptera. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Examples of beneficial insects are ladybugs and grubs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Nematode movement in the soil is very slow; they move 12 to 30 inches per year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Moss and algae are pests in turd that has been neglected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Biotic diseases are often caused by nutrient deficiencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Abiotic diseases are caused by enivronmental factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Abiotic diseases are often caused by nutrient deficiencies and pollution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Biotic diseases are caused by parasites or pathogens that are infectious and tansmissible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Fungi and bacteria are organisms that cause biotic diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
A commonly used method to control animals protected by law is to use sound to scare them away. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The goal of IPM is to reduce pest populations to a point where plant losses are at least equal to the cost of the control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
An excellent example of a bacteria used for biological control is Bacillus thuringiesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Fertilization is a cultural method of pest control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Mowing, fertilizing, and irrigating are all cultural techniques used for pest control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Agrobacterium and electroporation are two methods used to insert genes into plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Soap is a commonly used surfactant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that causes injury or loss to a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms with three distinct body parts (head, thorax, abdomen); three pairs of legs; and one, two, or no pairs of wings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual development of the insect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appendage-less, nonsegmented worm-like invertabrate organism with a body caivity and a complete digestive track that is found in soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any plant growing out of place or an unwanted plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease or disorder that is noninfectious, or disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that is caused by parasites or pathogens (organisms that cause disease) that is infectious and transmissible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a mutually beneficial plant and bacteria association occurs, as is the case in legumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites that attack only living tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites that attack living tissues but can also live on dead tissues provided the proper conditions exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normally live as saprophytes but can live as parasites under the proper conditions |
|
|
Term
| mycoplasma-like organisms |
|
Definition
| small parasitic organism lacking constant shape and intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals used to control pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals many female insects secrete to attract male partners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual amount of pesticide in a formulation that is responsible for killing the pest or the actual amount of nutrient available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that are used to control weeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herbicides that are effective in controlling a limited number of plant species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herbicides that destroy all vegetation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herbicide treatments that are made to the soil prior to planting the crop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herbicide treatments that are applied to the soil surface after the crop is planted but before the emergence of the weed seedlings, crop seedlings, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herbicide treatments that are made after the emergence of crop plant seedlings, weed seedlings, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments that cover the entire area uniformly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilizer treatments made in a narrow band around the crop row |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a herbicide is applied to a specific location, for example, to weeds growing through a crack in the cement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material that helps in dispersing, spreading, wetting, or emulsifying a pesticide formulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science and art of controlled pollination for modifying plants in a way that is advantageous to humans |
|
|
Term
| genetically modified organism (GMO) |
|
Definition
| organism that carries a foreign gene or genes that were inserted by laboratory techniques into all of its cells |
|
|
Term
-insects and related pests
-nematodes
-weeds
-diseases
-rodent and other animals |
|
Definition
| What are the 5 major categories of pests? |
|
|
Term
| chewing or piercing and sucking |
|
Definition
| The way an insect feeds is based upon the structure of its mouth. What are two types of feeding habits commonly found in insects? |
|
|
Term
complete = butterfly, fly
incomplete = aphid leafhopper
no = silverfish, springtails |
|
Definition
| Give 2 examples each of insects having incomplete metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, and no metamorphosis. |
|
|
Term
| Controlling other insects and pollination |
|
Definition
| List 2 beneficial effects of insects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| List the major adverse effect that insects have on plants and give 2 examples of insects causing these adverse effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do nematodes cause major damage to roots? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide 3 ways nematodes are disseminated. |
|
|
Term
-compete for water, nutrients, and light
-harbor diseases and insects |
|
Definition
| What are 4 problems associated with weeds? |
|
|
Term
| neglected soils (low pH, low nutrients) |
|
Definition
| What are the most common factors leading to problems with moss and algae in turf? |
|
|
Term
-Dandelion
-Quackgrass
-Johnsongrass
-canadian thistle |
|
Definition
| Provide 4 examples of weeds that pose a threat to horticultural crops. |
|
|
Term
Abiotic
-nutirent deficiencies
-damage to plant parts
-chemical injuries
-pollution injuries
-environmental conditions
Biotic
-parasites
-pathogens
-fungi |
|
Definition
| What are 5 causes of abiotic and 3 causes of biotic diseases? |
|
|
Term
-Dutch elm
-damping-off
-rust
-late blight |
|
Definition
| What are 4 common fungal diseases that affect horticultural crops? |
|
|
Term
-common blight
-fireblight
-crown gall
-bacterial wilt |
|
Definition
| What are 4 common bacterial diseases that affect horticultural crops? |
|
|
Term
-tobacco mosaic virus
-tomato spotted wilt virus
-tomato ring spot virus
-potato virus |
|
Definition
| What are 4 examples of viruses that affect horticultural crops? |
|
|
Term
-astor yellows
-pear decline
-mulberry dwarf disease
-corn stunt |
|
Definition
| What are 4 examples of mycoplasma-like organisms that affect horticultural crops? |
|
|
Term
-destroy the animal's habitat
-capture the animal and move it to another location
-use sound to scare animals away
-use fencing to keep animals out |
|
Definition
| What are 4 nonchemical ways to control animals? |
|
|
Term
-control costs
-crop losses |
|
Definition
| What are 2 major reasons pests cost the grower billions of dollars annually? |
|
|
Term
-Prevent
-identify problem
-implement IPM program
Categories
-cultural
- biological
-mechanical
-genetic
-chemical
|
|
Definition
| List the series of events that should take place when controlling pests; be sure to list the 5 categories of IPM control. |
|
|
Term
-crop rotation
-irrigation
-sanitation
-fertilization |
|
Definition
| What are 4 examples of cultural techniques used to control pests? |
|
|
Term
-bacteria released into envrionment
-chemicals, toxins, and repellents produced by plants
-beneficial insects |
|
Definition
| What are 3 forms of biological control? |
|
|
Term
-plowing
-mowing
-mulching
-pruning
-tillage
-hand picking and traps
-temperature and radiation |
|
Definition
| What are 6 examples of mechanical pest control? |
|
|
Term
| getting pesticides approved and labeled is very costly |
|
Definition
| Why are there no pesticides labeled for many minor crops? |
|
|
Term
-use only approved pesticides
-read the label before application
-use the pesticide with the lowest toxicity
-use the right equipment
-use pesticides only when needed
-wear protective clothing
-dispose of empty containers properly
-apply in good weather
-know the proper emergency measures
-properly store pesticides |
|
Definition
| Provide 10 safety rules that should be followed when using pesticides to control pests. |
|
|
Term
-systemic poisons
-contact poisons
-fumigants
-repellents |
|
Definition
| What are 4 ways that insecticides can be classified based on their mode of action? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are 2 ways that insecticides can be classified based on their active ingredient? |
|
|
Term
-aphids; orthene
-mites; dicofol
-scale; nicotine sulfate
-whitefly; rotenone
-mealybugs; malathion |
|
Definition
| List 5 selected pests that attack horticultural crops and the chemical control used for each of these pests. |
|
|
Term
-selectivity
-timing of application
-method of application
-chemistry
-formulation |
|
Definition
| What are 3 ways that herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action? |
|
|
Term
-proper identification of the weed
-environmental conditions
-soil characteristics
-maturity of the crop and weeds
-chemical concentration |
|
Definition
| What are 5 major factors that affect the performance of herbicides? |
|
|
Term
-Agrobacterium
-biolistics
-electroporation |
|
Definition
| What are 3 ways that genes can be inserted into plants? |
|
|
Term
| -callus -cell suspension -embryo -meristem -anther |
|
Definition
| What are 5 commonly used methods of tissue culture? |
|
|
Term
-micropropagation
-production of specialty chemicals
-as a source of variability for plant improvement
-genetically engineering plants |
|
Definition
| What are 4 uses for tissue culture? |
|
|
Term
-Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-particle bombardment (biolistics)
-electroporation |
|
Definition
| What are 3 methods for transferring foreign genes into plants? |
|
|
Term
-ethical considerations
-safety considerations
-anticorporate arguments
-sustainability considerations
-philosophical considerations |
|
Definition
| What are 5 general categories for the opposition to genetically modified foods? |
|
|
Term
-FDA
-EPA
-Department of Agriculture |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 main agencies that are responsible for the regulation of biotechnology products in the United States? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the manipulation of living organisms or substances obtained from living organisms for the benefit of humanity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of growing plants that provides nutrients needed by the plant via nutrient solution in the absence of soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pieces of plant material used in tissue culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of the plant consisting of undifferentiated tissue whose cells can divide and differentiate to form specialized tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant that is grown from a piece of another plant and is genetically identical to the parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pathway of differentiation in plants, induced in undifferentiated cell, tissue, or organ cultures by appropriate control on nutritional and hormonal conditions, that results in the formation of organized embryo-like (embryoid) structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capability of a single mature plant cell to produce an entire organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells without cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when somatic embryos derived from single cells are grown into mature plants, the plant's characteristics exhibit this type of variability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when genes are transferred from a single bacterium to a single plant cell and are integrated into the chromosome of a plant cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of gene insertion where plant protoplasts are exposed to a sudden electrical discharge that opens up pores in the plant cell, enabling DNA to enter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant containing a foreign gene or genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The main goal of all agricultural research is to increase . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is second in the production of GMOs on a worldwide basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The use of hydroponics requires a large amount of capital and energy; therefore, only high-value crops such as and are grown using this method.
A. tomatoes and peppers
B. potatoes and corn
C. wheat and barley
D. None of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After callus is formed, the manipulation of the ratio of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin can be used to promote
A. callus
B. roots
C. roots and shoots
D. All of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following countries acccounts for two-thirds of all genetically modified crops globally?
A. China
B. Europe
C. United States
D. England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
A commonly used commercial method for growing plants hydroponically is the nutrient film technique. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The growth of single cells in tissue culture can be used as a source of genetic variability for plant improvement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Somaclonal variation occurs when somatic embryos are derived from single cells and are grown into mature plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
Agrobacterium thuringiensis is an example of a bacterium that is used to produce an insecticidal protein that kills any insect larvae that eat the leaves or root of that plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T or F?
The use of genetically engineered plants has the potential to increase the need for more chemicals in agriculture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major crop domesitcated from China |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major crop domesticated from Southeast Asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major crop domesticated from South Pacific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major crop domesticated from Australia |
|
|
