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Horsies
Anatomy, Reproduction, health, industry, types
63
Science
Undergraduate 1
11/11/2012

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Features of well-conformed horses
Definition
  1. Balance-symmetry and proportionality of body parts
  2. Structural correctness-correct bone structure/angles
  3. breed and sex character (represents its breed)
  4. muscling (amount desired depends on breed)
  5. movement-true, efficient movement of legs at all gaits with power and impulsion from hind quarters.
Term
a well balanced hourse should be divided equally into how many parts?
Definition

3

the first from shoulders to heart girth

the second from withers to flank

the third from flank to point of buttocks

Term
What two parts of the horse should be approximately equal?
Definition

the length from teh top of the withers to the sternum

and

the length from the sternum to the ground

Term
from the side of the horse a straight line should be drawn from?
Definition

the top of the forearm throught the knee and cannon and down to the ankle.

*pastern should be relatively long and sloping

Term
From the front a straight line should be drawn from?
Definition
The top of the forearm down through the knee and cannon bone and straight through the pastern and toe
Term
From the side and rear a straight line should be drawn from?
Definition
the point of the buttock down the back of the hock and cannon to the ground
Term
Puberty of a Filly or Colt
Definition
12-15 months
Term
What is the seasonality of mares
Definition

Seasonally polyestrous

*fertile early spring to early fall

*anestrus during winter

*transitions (irregular) both early spring after winter anestrus

and

during fall before winter anestrus

Term
The estrus cycle of the mare is how long?
Definition

21 days

5-7 in heat (fertile)

24-48 hours ovulation (before end of estrus)

14-16 days diestrus (not fertile)

Term

Mares ovulation

size of follicle?

Definition
 35-50mm in diameter at ovulation
Term
Best time to breed
Definition

as close to ovulation as possible

(optimal 12 hours before)

Term
Gestation period of mare
Definition

340 days

*colts can carry 3-4days longer than fillies

Term
Good management of gestation results in...
Definition

80%+ conception rate with 70%+ live foal rate

*national average live foal rate 50%

Term
What are the late gestation changes of the mare and when do they occure?
Definition
  • udders fill (3-6 weeks prior)
  • Waxing of teats (2-3 days prior or hours prior)
  • relaxation of ligaments around tail head (few days prior)
  • Relaxation/elongation of vulva (few days prior)
Term
First stage of Parturition (foaling)
Definition
prparation (early contractions through release of allantois fluid)
Term
Second stage of Parturition (foaling)
Definition

Active labor (water breaking through foal delivery)

15-60 minutes

Term
Third stage of Parturition (foaling)
Definition

Placental passage

3+hours

after 6 hours = danger

Term
Normal Temperature of a horse
Definition

99.5-101.5º

average 100.5°

Term
Normal Pulse of a Horse
Definition

35-55 bpm

average 40bpm

Term
Respiration of a Horse
Definition
8-15 breaths per minute
Term
capillary refill time of a Horse
Definition
1-2 seconds
Term
How many horses are in the U.S.?
Definition
9.2 million
Term
Mucous membranes of a Horse
Definition
bright, clear pink, moist
Term
Skin pliability of a Horse
Definition
3 seconds
Term
When do you vaccinate a horse
Definition

initial dose not before 3-4 months

booster or series of a month after

 

*most vaccines must be given in series

Term
what vaccines do you give a horse
Definition
  • west nile virus
  • tetanus toxoid
  • encephalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, VEE)
  • influenza (not before 6 months old)
  • rhinopneumonitis (EHV1 and EHV4)
  • strangles
  • Rabies
Term
Common parasites of horses
Definition
  • Ascarids (mostly foals and yearlings)
  • strongyles (bloodworms)

Small causes colic-blood flow blocked to gut

Large-have encysted larvae in intestinal wall (hard to kill)

  • pin worms (cause tail-rubbing)
  • Bots (actual insect not nematodes(round worm))
Term
how often do you deworm a horse
Definition

every 8 weeks with paste dewormer

but depends on exposure to parasites in environment

mares/foals on spring pasture could require more often

older horses in stables may require only twice a year or less

*change type of dewormer periodically

Term
How to reduce parasite load
Definition
  • Graze cattle in horse pasture (horse parasites don't mature in cattle)
Term
Approximately how many horse owners are there nationwide?
Definition

2 million

 

238,000 involved in breeding

481,000 involved in competing

1.1 million involved in other

Term
The horse industry's direct economic effect on the U.S. is ?$
Definition
$39 billion annually
Term
Horse industry impacts the gross domestic product (GDP) of the U.S. economy of ?$
Definition
$102 billion
Term
how many americans are involved with horses?
Definition

1 out of every 63

 

4.6 million people

2million owners, 702,000 employees, 119,000 service providers, 2 million family members/volunteers

Term
Horse industry provides how many full time equivalent jobs?
Definition

460,000

 

1.4 million including suppliers and employees

Term
How many horses are in Il?
Definition

nearly 200,000

(192,524 AHC Census 2005)

Term
How many horse owners in IL?
Definition
70,000
Term
How many IL residents are involved in horse industry as owners?
Definition
200,000
Term
How many IL residents ride horses on a regular basis?
Definition
300,000
Term
Value of IL horse industry produced goods and services?
Definition
$1.3 billion
Term
value of IL horses?
Definition
$330 million
Term
What is the IL horse industry contributation to the Gross Domestic Product?
Definition
$3.8 billion
Term
Horse industry directly provides how many full time equivalent jobs in Il?
Definition

15,900

 

generates additional jobs for total of 49,400

Term
horses consume how much grain/hay worth how much per year
Definition

500,000 tons

worth

$100 million

Term
state of Il recieves how much each year from pari-mutuel wagering and fees
Definition
$11 million
Term
how do horses rank as a source of personal consumption for recreation in the U.S.
Definition
fourth
Term
what percentage of horses in Il are used for recreation and showing?
Definition
70%
Term
50% of the direct horse expenditures bolstering in Il economy comes from what what type of horses?
Definition

"Hobby"

ridden for enjoyment and show horses

Term
How many young people are involved in 4-H horse and pony projects?
Definition
5,000
Term
Who is a total hottie-boom-ba-lottie?
Definition
<3 Nick Jonas <3
Term
Are Type and Breed the same in horses?
Definition
No! most breeds do however tend to produce animals of the a particular type, with notable exceptions.
Term
Define Type
Definition
Determined by conformation of particular individual horse which makes it suitable for a particular purpose. (jumpin vs hunting vs reining, etc.)
Term
Stock (Western) type
Definition
  • riding horse
  • roping/cutting cattle
  • reining
  • barrel racing, western pleasure

(american Quarter horse, Appaloosa, American Paint Horse)



Term
Physical attributes of Stock type
Definition
  • Powerfully muscled
  • medium 14.2 to 15.2 hands
  • sprint with great speed, quick stop, turn on a dime
Term
Hunter/Jumper type riding horses
Definition
  • used for traditional fox hunting (England and East coast of U.S.)
  • Hunter/Jumper shows
  • Considered English type and Saddle type

(Quarter horse, warm blood, retired thoroughbred race horses)


Term
Physical attributes of Hunter/jumper type
Definition
  • Tall/rangy
  • long low efficient strides, great stamina, ability to gallop out over long distances
  • long lean maneuverable neck
  • powerful indquarters for jumping
Term
Warm Blood or sport horse breeds
Definition
  • thorougbred ancestors (hot bloods)
  • draft horse ancestors (cold bloods)

used in "eventing" -> combo of dressage, cross country and stadium jumping

Term
saddle type riding horses
Definition
  • show
  • park
  • English pleasure
  • parades
  • fine harness drivin
  • other show events

(American saddlebred, Morgan and Arabian)


Term
Physical attributes of saddle type
Definition
  • finely-chiseled heads
  • refined legs
  • upright neck (carried high and proud)
  • level croups
  • high tail sets
  • Gait show great animation and flexion of knees and hocks
Term
Draft type horses
Definition
  • Developed for pulling heavy loads/working farm fields
  • Descend from large European war horses

(Modern Draft breeds, Belgian, Shire, Clydesdale, Percheron)

*shire = 19 hands in height


Term
Physical attributes of Draft type
Definition
  • Heavy (1,500-2,000+lbs) deep bodied and strong, thick dense bones and large muscle mass
  • wide feet (maximum surface area of ground for pulling)
  • Hocks and rear cannon bones set close together (for pulling power)
Term
Pony breeds
Definition
  • Species Equus caballus
  • dont exceed 14.2 hands (58 inches)

(Shetland, Welsh, Haflinger, Pony of the Americas)

Term
Racing breeds
Definition
  • Specifically breed to race (thoroughbred, standardbred, Quarter horse)
  • ridden at gallop (standardbred at trot or pace)
  • Quarter fastes in short sprints
  • Thoroughbres, Standardbres excel in distance
Term
Anatomy Pic
Definition
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