Term
| What are the names of some common Sedatives? |
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Definition
| Xylazine aka Rompun, and Detomidine |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the scrotum on the stallion? |
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Definition
| houses testes, thermo-regulation; cremaster muscle will contract/relax, sweating |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the testes in the stallion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one or both testes retained in body, test. stays the same, but sperm production goes down |
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Term
| What are the functions of the seminiferous tubules |
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Definition
| sperm production, house the sertoli cells which produce blood/androgen binding protein to bind testosterone |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Interstitial tissues? |
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Definition
| house the leydig cells in between the sertoli cells, produce testosterone to send to them, respond to LH from brain |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the epididymis and how should they be positioned? |
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Definition
head: caput, collection; Body: corpus, maturation; tail: caudal; ability to fertilize, storage
positioned horizontally oriented with the tail of the horse |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands? |
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Definition
| first fluid that comes out, cleans urethra |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the prostate glands? |
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Definition
| mixed with sperm during ejaculation |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the vesicular glands? |
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Definition
| produce gel, follows ejaculate, serves no apparent purpose |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the penis and its parts? |
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Definition
copulatory, deposits sperm
radix-by body, corpus- shaft, glans- tip, becomes enlarged after ejaculation |
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Term
| What are the two types of tissue found in the penis? |
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Definition
| corpus cavernosum-elongates shaft, corpus spongeousum- ejaculation |
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Term
| What are some things that effect semen output? |
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Definition
| testicular size, age, season, injury/inflammation(4days), sickness (40-50 days), stress, steroids, cryptorchid, frequency of collection |
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Term
| What is the functions of the ovary in the mare? |
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Definition
| gonad, produces and releases oocytes, estrogen/progesterone |
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Term
| What are the three parts to the oviduct? |
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Definition
| infundibulum- catches oocyte, ampulla- site of fertilization, isthmus-oocyte stops |
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Term
| What is the function of the mares bipartite uterus? |
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Definition
| produce prostaglandin f2alpha, house recognize pregnancy, push fetus out, exchange of nutrients |
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Term
| what are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
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Definition
| perimetrium-lining, myometrium- muscles, endometrium-inside |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the cervix? |
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Definition
| allows passage of sperm, environment for sperm, protects embryo, (high, white, dry) |
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Term
| What is the function of the vagina and its regions? |
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Definition
urethral orifice, transverse folds
vestibule, vagina proper, fornix vagina |
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Term
| what are the 3 sections of the broad ligament and what do they each support? |
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Definition
| mesovarian-ovary, mesosalphinx-oviduct, mesometrium-uterus |
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Term
| Characteristics of the vulva |
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Definition
| strong constrictor muscle, conformation important for breeding (prevents pathogens) |
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Term
| what is the difference between estrus and estrous? |
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Definition
| estrus is a noun, "in estrus"; estrous is an adjective, "estrous cycle" |
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Term
| what is the average length of the estrous cycle? |
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Definition
| 21 days; 5-7 days in estrus, 14-15 days in diestrus |
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Term
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Definition
| gonadotropin releasing hormone: decapeptide, secreted by hypothalamus, stimulates LH/FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| luteinizing hormone: glycoprotein,causes ovulation, CL formation, secreted by pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone: glycoprotein, follicle growth, secreted by pituitary gland |
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Term
| characteristics of fertilization |
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Definition
| 4 hrs for sperm to get into ova-duct, fertilization occurs at the AIJ, viable for about 48 hrs, 6 days for blastocyst to enter uterus |
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Term
| Why does seasonality effect mares breeding capabilities? |
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Definition
| only ovulate in long days (spring/summer), pineal gland gets signals from eye suppresses melatonin, < melatonin > GnRH |
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Term
| What do you want to do before a mare foals? |
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Definition
| last 3 months want to increase nutrition, vaccinate, move mare to foaling site, > anitbodies, remove caslicks |
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Term
| What do you want to check for before parturition? |
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Definition
| check milk for calcium levels, udder pressure, pelvic tone loss, wax on udders |
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Term
| describe stage I of parturition |
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Definition
| behavior changes, foal will twist around and enter pelvic canal, white membrane will show, ends when water breaks, ~15min |
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Term
| decribe stage II of parturition |
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Definition
| water breaks up until foal delivered, ~30 min, be patient |
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Term
| describe state III of parturition |
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Definition
| expulsion of placenta (~3 hours), make sure to get the amnion and allanto-chorion, and non-pregnant horn, naval dip umbilical cord, foal should stand within 1 hour |
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Term
| What are some things the foal must go through after being born? |
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Definition
| first 2-3 hours: colostrum from first nurse, meconium-first fecal output |
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Term
| What are the scoring of estrus detection during "teasing" |
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Definition
0: aggression towards stallion
1:no aggression
2:some interest, approach stallion, winking, urination
3:more interest, tail raising, squatting, urination
4:intense interest, HQ towards stallion, more winking, frequent urination |
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Term
| What is a typical breeding schedule? |
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Definition
| 1. tease mares 2. palpate/ultrasound 3. collect stallions 4. breed mares |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Exercise Physiology? |
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Definition
| increase fitness level, higher efficiency, decrease injuries, increase longevity, increase ability, delay fatigue |
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Term
| Why are horses such good athletes? |
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Definition
| high O2 uptake, muscle enzymes efficient at ATP production, can tolerate extreme lactate, large heart (8-14lbs), skeletal muscles, anaerobic capacity, biomechanics |
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Term
| describe a horses muscular system |
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Definition
| function: movement/posture, 700 in horses, 40-50% of body mass |
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Term
| how do muscles store fuel and oxygen? |
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Definition
| fat= lipid droplets in muscle, carbs= stored as glycogen, oxygen= bound to myoglobin |
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Term
| What are the two types of muscles in the horse? |
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Definition
Type I: red endurance muscle, slow twitch, narrowest (diffusion), long fatigue time, low power, aerobic exercise
Type II: white sprint muscle, fast twitch, larger, short time to fatigue, high power, anaerobic (less myoglobin) |
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Term
| what is the function of bones |
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Definition
| support/protect, mineral storage (Ca/P), produce RBC/WBC, movement |
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Term
| what is the function of cartilage? |
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Definition
| joint lining, nose ears; cushion, growth, smooth surface, shock absorption |
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Term
| what is the function of tendons/ligaments? |
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Definition
| contractions cause movement; tendon is bone to muscle/ ligament is bone to bone; superficial digital flexor tendon most common place for injury |
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Term
| what is the function of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues, remove wastes (lactate, CO2), thermoregulation |
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Term
| what is the difference between arteries and veins? |
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Definition
arteries: carry red, oxygenated, high pressured blood away from heart
veins: carry dark red, non-oxygenated, low pressure blood towards the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac = heart rate (28-40) X stroke volume (amount of blood that leaves heart when it contracts one time) |
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Term
| describe blood volume in the horse |
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Definition
| 40-50L; comes from spleen contraction which dumps old blood cells into circulation |
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Term
| what is minute ventilation |
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Definition
| minute ventilation = tidal volume (how much air in one breath) X respiratory frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| recurrent airway obstruction also known as COPD or heaves; similar to asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage, "bleeders", capillaries burst in lungs, use lasix to handle problem |
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Term
| how are horses forelimbs attached to the body? |
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Definition
| "sling muscles", no collard bone/clavicle, 60% of horses weight on front legs |
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Term
| what are some things that effect thermoregulation in the horse? |
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Definition
| climate, thermal stress (sweating), cold increases nutrient requirements |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a sedative? |
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Definition
analgesic, skeletal muscle relaxant, rapid/intense sedation
IV: effect in 3-5 min, sleepy 1-2 hours, analgesia 15-30 min; can give IM
slows respiration/heart rate/ sweating |
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Term
| what can you add to a sedative to make a horse plant their feet better? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some names of common tranquilizers |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of tranquilizers |
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Definition
does NOT relieve pain, depresses responsiveness, but not movement
IM: 30-45 min lasts longer
IV: 10-15 min
oral, often given to sale/show horses to deceive |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Analgesics? |
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Definition
| anti-inflammatory, fever reducer, avoid high doses, can cause ulcers |
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Term
| What is Banamine used for? |
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Definition
| colic, oral, IV, IM (10cc for adult horse) |
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Term
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Definition
muscular disorders, arthritis, lameness
oral, IV
1 gram tablets, 2-4 tabs/day, paste form also |
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Term
| Characteristics of Penicillin |
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Definition
gram + bacteria, IM split dose
30-40ml rotate location
reaction can be severe (epinephrine)
do NOT want in vein |
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Term
| Characteristics of SMZ-TMP, TMS |
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Definition
| infectious conditions, broad spectrum, oral tablets (12), cheap, powder form |
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Term
| What is antiseptic used for? |
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Definition
| minor cuts, abrasions, antibacterial |
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Term
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Definition
| potent solvent absorbed rapidly by the skin, mix drugs in to make even faster, works against swelling/inflammation, "sweat wraps", wear gloves |
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Term
| What are the two modes of administration for medication with a needle? |
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Definition
IM: neck, chest, buttock, avoid crop area; aspirate, rotate site
IV: do NOT want carotid artery, low pressure, veins go to heart and get diluted |
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