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| A question that can be tested. It is asking why or how something happened |
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| An answer to a testable question. If... Then... Because or If... And... Then... |
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| Has to have independent variable, dependent variable, and constants. |
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| Part of the hypothesis statement. |
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| The group that you don't change the IV in. The group that doesn't use the IV to make comparisons. |
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| The things you keep the same throughout the experiment. |
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| Supported answer to your causal question. |
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| Anything that takes up space. |
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| Pure substances made from a single type of atom. |
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| The negative particles on the orbitals of an atom. It also determines the behavior of that atom. |
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| The positive particles in the center of the atom. |
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| The neutral particles in the center of the atom. |
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| Neutron: neutral, Proton: positive, Electron: negative |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus. |
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| The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
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| How to calculate atomic mass |
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| Bottom number on element symbol on the periodic table. # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. |
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| More positively charged atom because of the loss of electrons. |
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| Number of neutrons charged without changing the element itself. |
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| Used for medical reasons and as trackers in people so they can take pictures of their glands and detect cancer. Also dates the age of rocks. |
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| 1st level= 2 or less electrons, 2nd level= up to 8 electrons, 3rd level= 8 electrons |
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| An electron in the outer most shell of an atom that can combine with other atoms to form molecules. |
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| 3 types turns atom into a molecule. A chemical bond is what energy or a force holding atoms together is called. |
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| When electrons are shared. Polar is when the electrons are not equally shared. Non-polar share electrons equally. |
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| Attracted by opposite charge. When atoms are slightly positive and one is slightly negative and they become neutral after an electron is given to slightly positive. A stronger bond. |
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| Positive end of polar molecule is attracted to negative end of another. They are weak and not efficient long term. |
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| Attraction of water to other polar molecules and can form hydrogen bonds. |
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| Attraction of water to itself and creates surface tension in water. |
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| Amount of heat one gram can absorb or lose water. |
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| Lower temperature creates a lattice structure of water that forms a crystal. |
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| When pH rises the buffer donates |
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| When pH falls, a buffer will remove from the solution. |
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| A substance that will dissociate in water and while creating higher H+ concentration. |
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| A substance that combines with H+ when it dissolves into water, which lowers its concentration. |
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| A mathematical way to express the concentration of hydrogen ions found in a solution. |
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| A substance that can take up or release hydrogen ions into a solution allowing pH to maintain equilibrium. |
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| The site on an enzyme surface where the reactant fits. |
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| The energy level that the reactant molecules must overcome before a reaction occurs. |
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| Chemical that is being modified. |
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| Anything that is produced; enzymes act as biological catalysts to convert substrate to a product. |
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| Temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration. |
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| Primary protein structure, secondary protein structure, tertiary protein structure, quaternary protein structure. |
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| Any large group of organic compounds occurring in food/ living tissues. |
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| Group of naturally occurring molecules. |
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| Biopolymers, essential for all known forms of life. |
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| Small molecules that join with other similar molecules to make one big molecule. |
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| Substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of large #s of repeating units. |
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| Process joining two molecules together following the removal of water. |
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| Reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water. |
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| Chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxylic group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. |
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| It is more efficient for them to move around that way. |
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| Nucleus: none, Size: smaller, Organelles: few with no membranes, Chromosomes: 1 circular chromosome, Reproduction: uses a faster way(bionary fussion). |
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| Nucleus: one, Size: bigger, Organelles: many with membranes, Chromosomes: straight line and many, Reproduction: mitosis |
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| Eukarotes, have chloroplast, have a cell wall, have large vacuoles. |
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| Controls the cells main functions(eukaryotes). |
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| Rough: Makes ribosomes and Smooth: Makes lipids(eukaryotes). |
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| Exports proteins from cells and makes the simple molecules complex(eukaryotes). |
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| Breaks down waste materials and is considered the stomach of the cell(eukaryotes). |
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| Breaks down the food and releases energy(eukarotes). |
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| Uses energy to make glucose and creates metabolic energy(plants). |
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| The two layers of phospholipids arranged in such a way that their hydrophobic tails are projecting inwards while their polar head groups are projecting on the outside surfaces. |
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Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body.
Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. |
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| No energy is required, high to low. |
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| Facilitated: small and polar molecules can go directly between phospholipids. Large and polar can go through proteins. Selective: size and shape is needed to pass through. |
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| Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. |
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| Facilitated: small and polar molecules can go directly between phospholipids. Large and polar can go through proteins. |
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| requires energy from the cell to move the molecules form low to high. |
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| Protein: pumps molecules up the concentration gradient(sodium-potassium). Proton: moves hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient(uses ATP) |
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| Bulk transport out of the cell. |
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Definition
| Bulk Transport into the cell(Phagocytosis)(Pinocytosis). |
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Definition
| Adenine must equal Thymine, and Guanine must equal Cytosine. |
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| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| DNA replication in infants. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that uncoils the DNA strand during DNA replication and breaks the hydrogen bonds. |
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