What are the three parts of an atom?

1. Protons: + charge.
2. Electrons: -- charge.
3. Neutrons: 0 charge.

1. Protons: the nucleus.
2. Electrons: the electron cloud- rotating around the nucleus.
3. Neutrons: the nucleus.

Add the number of protons and neutrons together.

It is also located on the periodic table, directly below the element's symbol.

Cations have positive charge.

Anions have negative charge.

1. Temperature.
2. Concentration of reactants/products.
3. Catalysts (presence of enzymes).

1. Cohesion
2. Adhesion
3. Capillarity
4. High specific heat
5. High heat of vaporization
6. Solid is less dense than liquid
7. Universal solvent
8. Transparency

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or released to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1^{o C.}

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Sulfur 

 Groups of monomers linked together through dehydration synthesis to form a single unit of a macromolecule.  

1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes

 Every C atom is bonded to at least two H atoms, maximum number of H. 

There is at least one bond between successive C atoms.

Liquid at room temperature.

 Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol, triglycerides are most common (3 fatty acids). 

1. Insulation
2. Long term energy storage (vs. carbs)
3. Protection

1. Hormones, such as estrogen, testosterone, and adrenaline, which regulate bodily functions.
2. Vitamins, such as D.

The simplest of carbohydrates.

Monomers.

1. Fructose
2. Glucose
3. Galactose
4. Ribose
5. Deoxyribose

1. Sucrose
2. Maltose
3. Lactose

1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Sulfur

 Dehydration synthesis links the amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of the next, forming a peptide bond. 

1. Changing pH (adding lemon juice to fish)
2. Changing temperature (cooking eggs)
3. Changing ionic concentration (salt pickling to cure food)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.

A-T, G-C

 A double helix with two nucleic strands running in opposite directions held together bonds between bases, A/T and C/G.

1. Substrate binds to enzyme's active site, creating enzyme-substrate complex.
2. Chemical reaction takes place and changes substrate.
3. Enzyme and substrate break apart.

1) Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen much faster.

2) Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme molecules.

3) The same enzyme usually works for both the forward and reverse 

reactions.

4) Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain substrates. 

Lock and key model: the enzyme's active site is perfectly shaped to fit the substrate.

Induced fit: the active site is changed to fit around the substrate after it has landed on the active site. 

Competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor lands on the active site, blocking the substrate.

Non-competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor lodges to a different part of the enzyme, permanently changing the shape of the active site and rendering it useless.

1. Temperature
2. pH level
3. Concentration of substrate

 Small increase in temperature increases molecular collisions and reaction rates, high temps disrupt bonds and destroy shape of active site