Divergent Evolution: When two species that have a common ancestor grow more and more dissimilar while having homologous structures. This is due to the environments that the two species are living in. An example of this is the red fox and the kit fox. Both have the same fox-like structures, but they have different color-coats to blend in with their environment, different sized ears for hearing predator/prey, and several other differences.

Convergent Evolution: When two different species evolve the same traits because they have grown in the same environment. For example, the American Cactus and the African Euphorbia are two completely different desert plants. But over the years, they have grown the same traits due to convergent evolution: Fleshy stems and sharp spines.

Coevolution:When two species evolve because of each other. They have "leapfrog" stages. At one point, an insect might have an adaptation that gives it an advantage against predators (example camoflauge). Then, the bat will evolve in order to have an advantage against the prey (example echolocation). 

1. Animal Kingdom: This includes several species of animals, and most of the heterotrophs that exist today. Plants and animals house the largest amount of "regular" life. An example of an animal is a gorilla.
2. Plant Kingdom; Houses all forms of plant life. Does not include fungi. Primary producers for most animals in the world. An example of a plant is a cactus.
3. Archaebacteria; The original bacteria. These bacteria were the first forms of life on earth. These bacteria are very rare, normally in areas with either high heat, salt, or gas compounds.
4. Eubacteria; The regular bacteria that is responsible from everything from creating cheese or causing tuberculosis.
5. Fungi; These include mold, mildew, and mushrooms. They play vital roles in the decaying of organisms.
6. Protists; These include algae. Protists are like complex forms of bacteria. They are normally found in bodies of water.

• coccus; rounded
• Bacillus; rod shaped
• Spirillium; curvy rods
• Diplo; pairs
• Staphylo; Several grouped together.
• Strepto; chain like formation

In order to clean hosptial materials, it must follow these steps;

1. Completely remove all air from the autoclave compartment.
2. It is then set to extreme heat, usually 121-134 degrees farenheit, for 3-18 minutes. These kill all bacteria, viruses, and germs.

List all the ways bacteria obtain nutrients:

1. Decomposing; the bacteria will decompose an already dead organism. They secrete digestive enzymes and absorb what they need.
2. Photosynthesis; some cyano bacteria photosynthesize in order to survive.
3. Gut; Some bacteria digest certain things in our stomach that we do not use. 

1. smallest microbe
2. invades living cells
3. unlike bacteria, all of them are harmful.
4. not curable by medication
5. have lysogenic cycles and lytic cycles
6. not considred living, but reproduces itself by invading cells, and then causing cells to divide and thus recreate the same virus.

Describe characteristics of animals

1. have eukaryotic cells
2. heterotrophs
3. multicellular (except sponges)
4. capable of movement
5. most undergo sexual reproduction
7. most are diploid
8. do not possess cell walls

Those that do not; (Phylum) Porifera

Cndinarians

Placozoa

Platyhelminthes

Gastrotricha

Rotifera

Nematoda

Those with; (Phylum) arthropoda

mollusca

anneilida

echinodermata

1. vertebrates
2. cold blooded
3. lay eggs
4. dry skin
5. bask in sun to heat up
6. lie in shade to cool down
7. three chambered heart (except for crocodiles/alligators)

Chonrdicthyes and Osteichthyse; Describe them and their differences

1. Mutalism; both species benefit from the relationship. Crocodiles and birds. The birds clean the crocodiles mouth. The birds get a free snack, while the crocodiles get a free clean up.
2. Commensalism; One species benefits while the other receives no negative effects. An example is a whale and barnacles. The whale is not damaged, and the barnacles get a free ride around the ocean.
3. Parsitic; One animal benefits while the other is harmed. An example is the tapeworm and the dog. A tapeworm stays in the digestive tract and eats the nutrients that the host (dog) creates. The dog does not receive his nutrients, and thus there are negative effects.

Food chain; one way flow of energy

food web; energy flowing in several different selections.

1. water cycle; water from the ocean is evaporated into the air, condenses into clouds, rains into runoff, and re-enters rivers and oceans as freshwater.
2. Nitrogen cycle: animal and plant waste are decomposed by bacteria. Ammonia and nitrate are now in the ground. Nitrogen-fixating bacteria cause nitrogen to be released into the air.
3. Carbon cycle; plants and animals decmpose into fossil fuels. burned in factories, and combustion occurs. Carbon is released into the atmosphere, and then reused in photosynthesis.  New sediments are formed every time an animal dies.

p1=the two parents

f1=sons of p1

f2=sons of p1

RRxrr:

1. Law of Dominance; When two organisms of the same species mate, the dominant trait will show in the phenotype.
2. Law of Independent Assortment; Traits are inherited independently; there are no package deals. Each offspring will inherit their traits randomly.
3. Law of Segregation; Alleles seperate during fertilization to to form gametes.

Rr; 3

RrYy; 6

RrYyTt: 18