Term
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Definition
| A process that forms or breaks the chemical bond that hold atoms together. |
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Term
| Reactants (in a chemical reactions) |
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Definition
| Materials used in a chemical reaction to create a product. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions that release energy and produce heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorb energy and produces cold temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| High-energy, unstable molecules that are synthesized at the site of an exergonic reaction, capturing some of the released energy. They are like rechargeable batteries and pick up an energy charge at an exergonic reaction, move to another location in the cell, and release the energy to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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Term
| What are the most common energy carrier molecule in cells? |
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is the most common energy carrier molecule in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of an ATP nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is ATP made from ADP? |
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Definition
| Energy is captured when a phosphate group is added to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to make adenosoine triphosphate. |
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Term
| How is energy released from a molecule of ATP? |
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Definition
| Energy to accomplish cellular work is released when ATP is broken down into ADP and P. |
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Term
| Between which components of the ATP molecule are the "high energy storing bonds" located? |
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Definition
| ATP stores its energy in its chemical bonds between the two phosphate groups and the third phosphate group. |
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Term
| Which is usually involved in carrying energy between exergonic and endergonic reactions. |
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Definition
| The conversion of ADP and ATP is an energonic reaction, and the conversion of ATP to ADP is an exergonic reaction. (ATP) |
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Term
| What molecules carry energy in the form of electrons within cells? |
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Definition
| Electron carriers carry energy in the form of electrons within the cell. Ex: NADPH, NADH, and FADH2 |
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Term
| What are coupled reactions? |
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Definition
| Exergonic reactions that provide the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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Term
| What determines the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs? |
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Definition
| The activation energy which is how much energy is required to drive the reaction, determines the speed of which chemical reactions occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that speed up the rate of reaction without themselves being permanently altered. They do this by reducing the activation energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specific biological catalysts that are composed mostly of proteins. |
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Term
| What class of organic compounds do most proteins belong to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chemical reactions can an enzyme catalyze? |
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Definition
| They can catalyze a few at the most, but most only catalyze one involvine specific molecules. |
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Term
| Describe the basic structure of an enzyme. |
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Definition
| Each enzyme has a pocket called the active site where reactant molecules or substrates can enter. Some contain peptide subunits joined into a quaternary structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pocket where reactant molecules called substrates can enter. |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between the shape of an enzyme's active site and its substrate. What makes enzymes so specific? |
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Definition
| The enzyme and its substrate fit together perfectly, so only certain molecules can fit into the active site. This makes enzymes so specific. |
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Term
| Explain the process of how an enzyme catalyzes a reaction |
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Definition
| First, both the shape and charge of the active site allow substrates to enter the enzyme only in specific orientations. Next, both the substrate and active site change shape when substrates enter the active site. Certain amino acids within the enzymes active site and substrates may distort chemical bonds within the substrates. The combination of the substrate selectivity, orientation, the temp, chemical bonds promotes the chemical reaction catalyzed by a particular enzyme. Finally, the product no longer fits in the active site and they drift away. The enzyme goes back to its original configuration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all its myriad chemical reactions. |
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Term
| What major classes of chemical reactions comprise metabolism (build up and break down molecules in our bodies)? |
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Definition
| Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis build up and break down molecules in our body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of chemical reactions within a cell, in which the products of one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction. An example of this photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What factors will increase reaction rates? |
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Definition
| How many substrate molecules encounter the active sites of enzyme molecules in a given time period is a factor that could increase reaction rates. Also, the more enzymes there are, the faster the reaction rate is. |
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Term
| What maintains the three-dimensional structure of enzymes? |
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Definition
| The environmental conditions maintain the 3D structure of enzymes. Ex: pH, temperature, and salt concentration |
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Term
| What conditions must be met to maintain enzyme function? |
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Definition
| The proper pH, temperature, and salt concentration must be kept the same. |
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Term
| What happens if an enzyme becomes denatured? |
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Definition
| It loses the exact 3D structure required for it to function properly. |
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Term
| At what pH do most enzymes function best? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do acids alter the 3D shape of enzymes? |
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Definition
| Acids add hydrogen ions to them, therefore changing the shape and compromise its ability to function. -Denatured |
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Term
| How do extremely high temperatures impair enzyme function? |
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Definition
| The hydrogen bonds that regulate protein structure may be broken apart by the excessive molecular motion, denaturing the protein. |
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