Term
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Definition
| behavior that violates significant social norms |
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Definition
| mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society |
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| social functions of deviance |
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Definition
clarifying norms
unifying the group
diffusing tension
promoting social change
providing jobs |
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Definition
| the social scientists who study criminal behavior |
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Term
| functionalist perspective / strain theory |
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Definition
views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
ie. when people are prevented from having a job because of social conditions or lack of education |
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Term
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Definition
| arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable and leaves individuals without sufficient guidelines for behavior, creating confusion for individuals and society |
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Term
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Definition
| accept goals accept norms |
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Term
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Definition
| accept goals reject norms -- drug dealers and burglars |
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Definition
reject goals accept norms
the ritual of upholding norms becomes the end in itself |
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Definition
| reject goals reject norms -- drug addicts, beggars, and hermits |
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Definition
| reject and replace goals and norms |
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Term
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Definition
believe that competition and social inequality lead to deviance
struggle between the ruling class and lower class |
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Term
interactionalist perspective -
control theory
cultural transmission theory
labeling theory |
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Definition
control theory - deviance is a natural occurrence (like conflict theory) but they are interested in why people conform rather than the causes of deviance - social ties among individuals, promote conformity
social bonds formed by forming attachment to others, strong belief in moral code, commitment to traditional societal values, and fully involved in nondeviant activities
high self control promotes nondeviance
cultural transmission theory - explains deviance as a learned behavior
labeling theory - focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant, all people commit deviant acts during their lives and they range from minor to serious, yet not everyone is labeled deviant |
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Term
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Definition
heart of cultural transmission theory
refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals
says all people conform - it just depends on what norms you conform to |
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Term
| techniques of neutralization |
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Definition
people suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
denying responsibility
denying injury
denying victim
condemning the authorities
appealing to higher loyalties |
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Term
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Definition
nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority
the occasional deviant act or one well hidden
not labeled a deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| results in being labeled deviant |
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Term
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Definition
some kind of public setting - such as a trial - the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant
life changing event |
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Term
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Definition
nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority
the occasional deviant act or one well hidden
not labeled a deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| results in being labeled deviant |
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Term
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Definition
some kind of public setting - such as a trial - the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant
life changing event |
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Term
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Definition
nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority
the occasional deviant act or one well hidden
not labeled a deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| results in being labeled deviant |
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Term
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Definition
some kind of public setting - such as a trial - the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant
life changing event |
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Term
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Definition
| any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault |
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Term
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Definition
| burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft, and arson |
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Term
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Definition
| prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, and vagrancy |
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Term
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Definition
offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives
misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading, and political corruption |
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Term
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Definition
| crime syndicate is a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or threat of violence |
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Term
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Definition
once a crime has been committed it falls under the jurisdiction of the criminal-justice system
police, courts, correlations |
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Term
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Definition
hold the most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act
police discretion - power to decide who is actually arrested
- seriousness of offense
- wishes of victim
- attitude of suspect |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans |
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Term
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Definition
once a person is arrested, responsibility is shifted to courts
- court determines guilt or innocence of an accused person
- if guilty, punishment is assigned
- 90% settled through plea bargin |
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Term
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Definition
| process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence |
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Term
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Definition
sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service
retribution - punishing of a criminal serves as an act of revenge for the victim and society
deterrence - intended to discourage offenders from commiting future crimes to make rest of society think twice before breaking laws
rehabilitation - prisons emerged as places in which to reform criminals so they could return to society law-abiding
social protection - prevents from committing addition crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| term for repeated criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| division of society into categories, ranks, or classes |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestry, race, age, physical appearance, gender |
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Term
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Definition
| educational attainment, occupation |
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Term
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Definition
comes from divisions based on individual characteristics, abilities, and behaviors
it is the unequal sharing of scare resources and social rewards |
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Term
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Definition
resources and rewards based on ascribed status
- elaborate norms |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage outside one's own social category |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage within one's own social category |
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Term
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Definition
the distribution of scare resources is distributed on the basis of achieved statuses
property, prestige, and power |
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Term
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Definition
| owners of means of production |
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Definition
| works who sell labor in exchange for wages |
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Term
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Definition
| a grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of his or her assets |
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Definition
| ability to control the behavior of others with or without their consent |
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Term
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Definition
| the respect, honor, recognition or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| rating that combines social factors such as educational level, occupational prestige, and place of residence. |
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Term
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Definition
| stratification is a necessary feature of the social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| see competition over scarce resources as the cause of social inequality |
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