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SP 1RG: Homeostasis
SP 1RG: Homeostasis Notecards
91
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/04/2012

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Term
__________ is the process trough which a nearby stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency.
Definition
1) Homeostasis
Term
What is homeostasis?
Definition
1) The process trough which a nearby stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency.
Term
Is homeostasis a static or dynamic process? What does this mean?
Definition
1) Dynamic
2A) Experiences physiological variable functions
2B) Does not remain constant
2C) Balance does not mean unchanging
Term
In order to maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to do what three things?
Definition
1) Detect deviations from the normal in the internal environment which need to be held within narrow limits
2) Integrate this information with other relevant information
3) Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore factor to desired value
Term
Who were two of the founding fathers of physiology?
Definition
1) Claude Bernard
2) Walter Bradford Cannon
Term
The body has a "__________" resting point of physiological equilibrium
Definition
1) Natural
Term
__________ is defined as maintenance of a relatively stable environment
Definition
1) Homeostasis
Term
__________ is essential for survival and function of all cells.
Definition
1) Homeostasis
Term
True or False: Each cell contributes to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.
Definition
1) TRUE
Term
What are the components of the extracellular fluid?
Definition
1) Interstitial fluid
2) Plasma
Term
The __________ __________ is a fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells)
Definition
1) Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Term
What is the extracellular fluid?
Definition
1) A fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells). Components include plasma and interstitial fluid
Term
__________ __________ is fluid contained within all the body cells.
Definition
1) Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Term
Water composes __________ of the body weight.
Definition
1) 2/3
Term
The intracellular fluid volume composes __________ of total body water.
Definition
1) 2/3
Term
The extracellular fluid volume composes __________ of total body water.
Definition
1) 1/3
Term
Interstitial fluid volume composes __________ of extracellular volume; __________ of total body water.
Definition
1) 2/3
2) 2/9
Term
Plasma fluid volume composes __________ of extracellular volume; __________ of total body water.
Definition
1) 1/3
2) 1/9
Term
True or False: Body water varies with age.
Definition
1) True
Term
The bodies of newborns are composed of __________ water; at age 1 they are composed of __________ water.
Definition
1) 75%
2) 60%
Term
The distribution of fluid between __________ and __________ __________ is determined by forces across the cell membrane.
Definition
1) Plasma
2) Interstitial fluid
Term
The distribution of fluid between the intracellular and extracellular fluid is determined mainly by __________ __________ of solutes
Definition
1) Osmotic effect
Term
Control systems are grouped into two classes:
-__________ __________ are local controls that are inherent in an organ
-__________ __________ are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ which are accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
Definition
1) Intrinsic
2) Extrinsic
Term
What are intrinsic controls?
Definition
1) Local controls that are inherent in an organ
Term
What are extrinsic controls?
Definition
1) Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
2) They are accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
Term
What body systems exhibit extrinsic controls?
Definition
1) Nervous system
2) Endocrine system
Term
The homeostatic __________ __________ fluctuates within a predictable range
Definition
1) Steady state
Term
__________ refers to responses made after changes have been detected
Definition
1) Feedback
Term
What are the two type of feedback systems?
Definition
1) Positive
2) Negative
Term
What is feedforward regulation?
Definition
1) Responses made in anticipation of a change
Term
Which feedback system / responses are the most common under homeostatic control? What is the systems primary function?
Definition
1) Negative feedback system
2) Opposites initial change
Term
What are the three components of a negative feedback system? What are their roles?
Definition
1) Sensor - Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable
2) Control center - Compares sensor's input with a set point
3) Effector - Makes a response to produce a desired effect
Term
Which feedback system amplifies initial change?
Definition
1) Positive feedback system
Term
__________ feedback systems / responses are not common in homeostatic control mechanisms.
Definition
1) Positive
Term
What are two examples of positive feedback mechanisms?
Definition
1) Uterine contractions become increasingly stronger until the birth of a baby
2) Clotting occurs in response to a break or tear in a blood vessel wall
Term
__________ is essential for the survival of __________ which make up __________ __________ which maintain __________
Definition
1) Homeostasis
2) Cells
3) Body systems
4) Homeostasis
Term
What are seven components of the human body that are maintained by homeostasis?
Definition
1) Concentration of nutrient molecules
2) Concentration of O2 and CO2
3) Concentration of waste products
4) pH
5) Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
6) Volume and pressure
7) Temperature
Term
How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses
2) Detect and initiate reactions to changes in external environment
Term
How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Secreting glands regulate activities that require duration rather than speed
2) Controls concentration of nutrients, and, through adjusting kidney function, controls internal environment's volume and electrolyte consumption
Term
How does the circulatory system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Carries materials from one part of the body to another
Term
How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells
2) Transfers water and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment
3) Eliminated undigested food residues to external environment in the feces
Term
How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Receives O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
2) Plays important role in maintaining proper pH of internal environment
Term
How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in the urine
Term
Contrast the complexity of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system.
Definition
1) The nervous system is more structurally complex; can integrate vast amounts of information and stimulate a wide range of responses
2) The endocrine system is less structurally complex; evolved from the nervous system
Term
Contrast the structure of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system
Definition
1) The nervous system contains a system of neurons that branch throughout the body
2) The endocrine system contains endocrine glands which secrete hormones into the blood stream where they are carried to the target organ
Term
Contrast the communication of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system
Definition
1) The nervous system possesses neurons that conduct electrical signals directly to and from specific targets; allows fine point control; transmission is hormonal
2) The endocrine system use hormones which circulate as chemical messengers via the bloodstream; most cells are exposed but only target cells with receptors respond
Term
Contrast the response time of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system
Definition
1) The nervous system has a fast transmission of nerve impulses up to 100m/sec
2) The endocrine system may take minutes, hours, or days for hormones to be produced, diffuse to the target organ, and for a response to occur
Term
Contrast the effect of the nervous system against that of the endocrine system
Definition
1) The nervous system acts at the cellular level with immediate and short-lived action
2) The endocrine system acts at the cellular level with long-lived and timely responses
Term
How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs
2) Serves as storage reservoir for calcium
3) Along with muscular system, enables movement of body and its parts
4) Bone marrow is the ultimate source of cells
Term
The __________ __________ is the ultimate source of cells
Definition
1) Bone marrow
Term
How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Moves the bones
Term
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Serves as outer protective barrier
2) Important in regulating body temperature
Term
How does the immune system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) Defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous
2) Paves way for repairing or replacing injured or worn-out cells
Term
How does the reproductive system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
1) The reproductive system is not essential for homeostasis (not essential for survival of individual)
2) Is essential for perpetuating the species
Term
Which body system controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses?
Definition
1) Nervous system
Term
Which body system detects and initiates reactions to changes in the external environment?
Definition
1) Nervous system
Term
Which body system has glands which regulate activities that require duration rather than speed?
Definition
1) Endocrine system
Term
Which body system controls the concentration of nutrients and, through adjusting kidney function, control the internal environment's volume and electrolyte composition?
Definition
1) Endocrine system
Term
Which body system carries materials from one part of the body to another?
Definition
1) Circulatory system
Term
Which body system breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells?
Definition
1) Digestive system
Term
Which body system transfers water and electrolytes from the external environment to the internal environment?
Definition
1) Digestive system
Term
Which body system eliminates undigested food residues to the external environment in the feces?
Definition
1) Digestive system
Term
Which body system acquires O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment?
Definition
1) Respiratory system
Term
Which body system is important in maintenance of proper pH of internal environment?
Definition
1) Respiratory system
Term
Which body system removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in the urine?
Definition
1) Urinary system
Term
Which body system provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs?
Definition
1) Skeletal system
Term
Which body system serves as a storage reservoir for calcium?
Definition
1) Skeletal system
Term
Which body system (along with the muscular system) enables movement of the body and its parts?
Definition
1) Skeletal system
Term
Which body system is responsible for moving the bones?
Definition
1) Muscular system
Term
Which body system serves as an outer protective barrier?
Definition
1) Integumentary system
Term
Which body system is important in regulating body temperature?
Definition
1) Integumentary system
Term
Which body system defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous?
Definition
1) Immune system
Term
Which body system paves the way for repairing and replacing injured or worn-out cells?
Definition
1) Immune system
Term
Which body system is not essential for homeostasis, and perpetuates the species forward?
Definition
1) Reproductive system
Term
What complications can arise with disruptions in homeostasis?
Definition
1) Illness
2) Death
Term
__________ is abnormal functions of the body associated with disease
Definition
1) Pathophysiology
Term
What is pathophysiology?
Definition
1) Abnormal functions of the body associated with disease
Term
Who is regarded as "the father of stress"?
Definition
1) Hans Selye
Term
True or False: Stress is a "natural" process like aging
Definition
1) TRUE
Term
Stress "responses" occur for both __________ and __________ situations.
Definition
1) Positive
2) Negative
Term
A __________ is that which produces stress.
Definition
1) Stressor
Term
What are the three main observations Selye noticed when subjecting animals to stress experiments?
Definition
1) Enlargement of adrenal gland's cortex
2) Shrinking or atrophy of thymus, spleen, and lymphatic structures
3) Bleeding stomach and duodenum ulcers
Term
What is the general adaptation syndrome?
Definition
1) States there are three stages of response to stressors:
-Alarm reaction
-Resistance and adaptation
-Exhaustion and collapse
Term
What are some of the common homeostatic responses to stress?
Definition
1) Heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating rise
2) Levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids rise
3) Energy to resources is mobilized
4) Blood flow to extremities and visceral organs is decreased
Term
What is exhaustion? How does it occur? What are the negative consequences of exhaustion? What was the extreme result in Selye's experiments?
Definition
1) Exhaustion is the result of prolonged stress for an overextended period of time
2) Exhaustion results in an organism's physiological system and organs collapsing and becoming dysfunctional
3) The extreme result was death
Term
What stress-related disease can occur in humans?
Definition
1) CHD/CVD, hypetension, ulcers, immune system disorders, colds, flu, musculoskeletal and muscle disorders
Term
What are four roles of the physiological stress response?
Definition
1) Mobilize the bodies fuel reserves
2) Convert fuel to forms suitable for transportation and use
3) Increase O2 delivery to locations that need it for behavioral response
4) Shut down unnecessary energy usage
Term
What are the major regulators of the stress response?
Definition
1) Hypothalamus
2) Hippocamupus
3) Amygdala
4) Hindbrain (medulla oblongata)
Term
What neurotransmitters are associated with short-term stress response? What homeostatic responses do they initiate in the body?
Definition
1) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
2A) Glycogen is broken down to glucose; this increases blood glucose
2B) Blood pressure increases
2C) Breathing rate increases
2D) Metabolic rate increases
2E) A change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activitiy
Term
What are the effects of mineralocorticoids on long-term stress response?
Definition
1) Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
2) Increased blood volume and blood pressure
Term
What are the effects of glucocorticoids on long-term stress response?
Definition
1) Proteins and fats are broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
2) Immune system may be surpressed
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