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Holt Pyschology
Chapter 2
33
Psychology
12th Grade
09/21/2013

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Term
What steps to scientists follow in conducting scientific research?
Definition
1. forming a research question
2. forming a hypothesis
3. testing the hypothesis
4. analyzing the results
5. drawing a conclusion
Term
construct
Definition
assumed to be present, but cannot be seen or measured directly; better directed towards behavior
Term
hypothesis
Definition
educated guess; if/then format
Term
testing a hypothesis
Definition
a hypothesis cannot be considered correct until tested
Term
replicated
Definition
for the findings of a study to be confirmed, the study must be replicated. the study must be repeated and produce the same results as before
Term
survey
Definition
gathering information by asking people directly is usually accomplished by means of survey, where people are aksed to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject
Term
target population
Definition
the whole group you want to study or describe
Term
sample
Definition
part of a target population that is a similar as possible to the target population
Term
random sample
Definition
individuals are selected by chance from the target population
Term
stratified sample
Definition
subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample
Term
bias
Definition
predisposition to a certain point of view
Term
volunteer bias
Definition
people who volunteer to participate in studies often have a different outlook from people who do not volunteer for research studies
Term
case-study
Definition
in-depth investigation of an individual or small group
Term
longitudinal method
Definition
researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time, often years or decades
Term
cross-sectional method
Definition
Instead of following a group of individuals over a number of years, researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages.
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
field study, observing people or animals in the field, or their natural habitat
Term
laboratory observation
Definition
observing behavior in the laboratory
Term
correlation
Definition
measure how closely one thing is related to another
Term
positive correlation
Definition
when one factor goes up, so does the other
Term
negative correlation
Definition
when one factor goes up, the other goes down
Term
experiment
Definition
method researchers use to answer questions about cause and effect
Term
variables
Definition
factors that can vary, or change
Term
independent variable
Definition
the factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect
Term
dependent variable
Definition
the factor that depends on another factore
Term
experimental group
Definition
members of the experimental group that receive treatment
Term
control group
Definition
members of the experimental group that do not receive treatment
Term
controlled experiment
Definition
an experiment that uses both control groups and experimental groups
Term
placebo
Definition
substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it
Term
single-blind study
Definition
studies where participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group
Term
double-blind study
Definition
studies where participants and experimenters do not know who is in the experimental group or the control group
Term
standard deviation
Definition
the measure of distance of every score to the mean
Term
ethics
Definition
standards for proper and responsible behavior
Term
informed consent
Definition
means that people agree, or consent, to participate in a research study only after they have been given a general overview of the research and have been given a choice whether or not to participate
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