Shared Flashcard Set

Details

HNF 461
exam 3
137
Other
Undergraduate 4
11/05/2008

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
_____ is the mg amino acid in food/gram of protein divided by mg of same amino acid/ gram of reference protein
Definition
Chemical or amino acid score (AAS)
Term
The energy cost of protein synthesis is
Definition

~20% of RMR

(10-25%)

Term
The limiting amino acid in corn is
Definition
Lysine
Term

 This method of protein quality assessment is required for labeling foods consumed by adult 

Definition
PDCASS
Term
Slide 4 .O {font-size:149%;} Phenylalanine
Term
This amino acid is a marker for muscle protein turnover
Definition

3 methylhistidine

Term

 A person with maple syrup urine disease needs to restrict intake of

Definition
Protein and Leucine
Term
This compound is needed in the diet
Definition
Choline
Term
This amino acid binds to bile acids
Definition
Taurine
Term
This process is needed for formation of dispensible amino acids
Definition
Transamination
Term
This amino acid may be added to enteral formulas to help maintain gastrointestinal health
 
 
Definition
Glutamine
Term

The number of metabolically essential amino acids

 

Definition
~20
Term

A marked increased ammonium in the urine results when ____

        

Definition
Acidosis is present
Term

The final produt of protein digestion in the intestinal lumen

Definition
Peptides and amino acids
Term
Tertitiary structure of proteins
Definition
Interactions of amino acids some distance from each other

Term
An incomplete animal protein that we consume is ____.
Definition
Jello
Term
Jello is an incomplete protein because it is deficient in ____.
Definition
Tryptophan
Term
We need ____ amino acids for protein synthesis.
Definition
20
Term
Adult human synthesize and degrade ____ grams of protein per day.
Definition
200-300
Term

Carnitine is synthesized for

Definition

lysine and methionine

 


Term
Net Protein Utilization (NPU):
Definition
Measure of Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen consumed
Term
Protein has ___% Nitrogen
Definition
16
Term

Dietary proteins are converted to free amino acids primarily in the ___ before the free amino acids enter the blood.

 

 

Definition
Enterocytes
Term
Tyrosine and iodine are needed to make ____.
Definition

Throixin

 

Term
Tryptophan is needed for
Definition
Seritonin
Term

When evaluating protein quality which of the measures represents the gain in body weight on a test protein divided by the grams of protein consumed?

Definition
PER
Term
Amino acids in proteins ___ hydrogens when the pH is to low.
Definition
accept
Term
Amino acids in proteins ___ hydrogens when the pH is too high.
Definition
donate
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
is hooking one amino acid to the next amino acid. That connection is common to all amino acids. It is covalent bonding. Arrangement is specific to each protein. (like spelling)
Term

Secondary structure

Definition
is attractions or not attractions of amino acids that are near to each other.

 

Term

Tiertiary structure



Definition
is amino acids that are not near each other, attract themselves to each other. Start to get folding of peptide into final structure.
Term
Quartanary sturcture
Definition

is when at least 2 peptide units bind to each other.

Ex. Insulin, Hemoglobin

Term
Amino acids all have _____.
Definition

Nitrogen

A Carboxyl group

A R group

Term
Simplest amino acid is
Definition
Glycine
Term

The most limiting amino acids for infants worldwide include: 

Definition

Methionine
Threonine

Lysine


 

Term

Essential Amino Acids

(indispensable)

Definition
  • Phenylalanine
  • Valine
  • Threonine
  • Methionine
  • Tryptophan
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
Term

 When the diet is lacking the amino acids tyrosine and glutamate.


 

Definition
The body will synthesize these amino acids
Term

A function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice during protein digestion is

Definition

 To denature the quaternary, tertiary and secondary structures of proteins

 

Term
Threonine, Histidine and Lysine are ___ essential
Definition
absolutey
Term
GI tract uses alot of ______.
Definition
Glutamine
Term
The food group with the least amount of protein per seving is _____.
Definition
Butter.
Term

Deamination

taking N group off of the amino acid-end up with ammonia (toxic) can come from foods and tissue amino acids. The gut bacteria will hydrolyze urea. Most of it will go to kidney for excretion through the urine. Some of it will leak back into the intestine, bacteria in intestine hydrolyze it, you get 2 N and CO2. The ammonia goes back to the blood and back to the liver.

 

Definition
Term
Increased urea in the urine results when
Definition

Excess or a large amount of protein is consumed 

Term
Sodium Dependent amino acid transporter is a major transporter
Definition
Term

Amino acid catabolism via transamination in muscle produces

Definition
Glycine
Term
The primary site of amino acid metabolism is the ____
Definition
liver.
Term
Glutamine is a
Definition
conditionally indispensible amino acid
Term
Endogenous proteins _____ grams
Definition

70

= 20 grams from intestinal enzymes and 50 grams from intestinal cells.

Term

Small amouths of ammonia continuously enters the blood from tissues throughout the body. The ammoia is primarily removed from the blood by the ___ to prevent the person will go into a coma.

Definition
Liver
Term

 

Deamination

 

Definition

 

  • Can occur in the kidney if the person has acidosis
  • Provides NH3 for the urea cycle
  • occurs even when high quality proteins are consumed
Term
The conditionally indespinsible amino acids are:
Definition
  • Tyrosine
  • Cysteine
  • Proline
  • Arginine
  • Glutamine
Term
Tyrosine is conditionally indispensible when ____ does not synthesize it in adequate amounts.
Definition
Phenylalanine
Term
Cystine is conditionally indispensable when ____ do not synthesize adequate amounts of it.
Definition
Methionine and Serine
Term
Proline is a conditionally indispensable amino acid when ____ does not synthesize enough of it.
Definition
Glutamate
Term
Arginine is considered a conditionally indispensable amino acid when _____ does not synthesize enough of it.
Definition
Glutamine, Glutamate, or Aspartate
Term
Glutamine is considered an conditionally indispensable amino acid when ____ does not synthesize enough of it.
Definition
Glutamate, ammonia
Term
The digestion of proteins starts in the _____. Where ____ is released and stimulates the HCl release into the stomach and also causes the release of ____.
Definition

Stomach, gastrin, pepsinogen

Term

Protein catabolism

Excess amino acids, the amine group is taken off. That nitrogen is toxic if it builds up, largely disposed off via urea. The synthesis occurs in the liver, excretin ooccurs via the kidney. Some urea cycles to the intestine where microorganisms hydrolyze the urea and then amonnia comes back

The ketoacids is amino acids - amine group. Those excess amino acids get catabolized (liver)used for energy, some gluconeogenic, very few synthesize fatty acids. The liver is the key site for amino acid catabolism. with the exception for 3 amino acids: lucine, isoleucine, valine- the liver does not have the enzymes to cause transamination of those. They are metabolized in skeletal muscle. up to 50% of energy that the liver derives is from catabolism of excess amino acids. Transamination is one of the key enzymes involved in catabolism of amino acids. Transamination is involved in synthesis of dispensible amino acids. 

Definition
Term
______ activates pepsinogen to pepsin.
Definition
HCl
Term
In the stomach HCl comes from the _____ cells and the pepsingoen comes from the ____ cells.
Definition
Parietal, Cheif Cells
Term

HIV/AIDS

 

 

Definition
  • Very substantial losses of muscle, with increased 3-methylhistidine excretion.
  • Recommendation is to have 2-2.5 grams of protein per day
  • Sligt increase of synthesis of protein
  • Substantial increase in catabolism (losing muscle protein)
Term

Most of the nitrogen you eat as a protein is excreted in urine as

Definition
Urea
Term
Chyme causes the release of CCK. Acid Chyme causes the release of secretin. Secetin causes the bicarbonate to be screated into pancreatic juice. CCK(important) causes the release of these enzymes from the pancrease. It causes the gall bladder to contract. Causes the activation of lipase that causes phosphotidinosil to generate isoglycerol and IP3 and causes release of the bound calcium. CCK reduces food intake. (makes you feel full)
Definition
Term

 Amino acid catabolism via deamination in muscle ultimately produces ___ in muscle.

Definition
Glutamine
Term

Enteral formulas often contain the amino acid ____ to help maintain gut mucosal epithelial barrier and to help prevent multiple organ failure.

  

 

 

Definition
Glutamine
Term

Branched chain amino acids are catabolized primarily in _____.

.         

Definition
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Term
Urea synthesis occurs in the ____.
Definition
Liver
Term

Which age group needs the highest quality protein to allow normal protein metabolism?

Definition
3 months old
Term

Which two amino acids cannot undergo transamination to any appreciable extent and are thus totally indispensible?

 

Definition

Lysine and threonine

Term

Certain amino acids are referred to as "nonessential"because the body can synthesize them


 

 

 

 

Definition
  • if  there is an available source of amine nitrogen
  • by a process known as transamination
Term
When the amino group has been removed from an amino aicd, the carbon skeleton (alpha-keto acid) may be used for

 

Definition
  • synthesis of glucose
  • synthesis of fatty acid
  • production of energy
Term

When blood ammonia concentrations are within normal levels and glutamate concentrations in the brain are normal, the brain removes any ammonia that enters the nerve cell by synthesizing

   

Definition
Glutamine
Term

 Even when high protein diets are consumed (3-4 times the RDA), the amount of amino acids in the blood and cells are maintained at an upper limit by

 

 

Definition

increasing the activity of enzymes that catabolize amino acids. 

Term
Which of the following amino acids are branched-chain amino acids?

 

      

Definition

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine


Term

Which of the following is true in relation to degradation vs. synthesis of protein during the life cycle?


 

 

Definition

When a person is immobilized, the initial respose that occurs is protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis.


Term
When a 70 kg, 50 year old man eats 60 grams of high quality protein per day and adequate energy, he:
Definition
  • Will be likely to synthesize at least 150 grams of protein per day
  • Will likely to be in nitrogen balance

 

Term

 

Definition
Term
Trypsinogen is activated by Enteropeptidase. It is converted to trypsin in the intestine. Likes the basic amino acids. Trypsin itself can activate more trypsinogen.
Definition
Term
Chymotrypsinogen is activated by _____ to form Chymotrypsin in the _____.
Definition
trypsi, intestine
Term
Secretin causes ____ release from the pancrease.
Definition
Bicarbonate
Term
Secretin and CCK released from _________.
Definition
mucosal endocrine cells
Term
Enteropeptidases activates trypsinogen on the brush border. Secreted in brush border into the lumen to act on trypsinogen that comes from the pancrease.
Definition
Term
CCK causes release of  __________.
Definition
Pancreatic pro enzymes
Term

CCK

 

 

Definition
is released into response to food. Goes through the blood to pancreas. Causes release of digestive enzymes. Help gauge how many nutrients are coming from gut.  Functions through receptors that activate lipase c. Goes to liver, causes gall bladder contractions. Functions to reduce food intake.
Term

Free amino acid carriers :


 

Definition

1. Peptides are transported into the cell along with H+

most peptides go into the blood as free amino acids

2. As H is pumped in, the pH is lowered. 

H is pumped back into the intestinal lumen in exchange for Na.

Requires ATP.

 

Term
About ____ enters the intestinal cell as di and tri peptides.
Definition
60%
Term

About _____of amino acids are used by the intestinal cell before they even get into the blood.

(ex. The gut has rapid cell division and synthesis. CCK and Secritin synthesis. Apo lipoproteint B48)

Definition
30-40%
Term
  • 10 grams are used per day by the gut and 10 grams are used by the immune system.
  • Some comes from the diet, but alot is synthesized in the skeletal muscle.
  • Important in the health of the intestinal cell.
  • May reduce the risk of infection.
  • Important in energy-forms ammonia and glutamate, alanine cycle (occurs in gut or muscle)

 

Definition

Glutamine

Term
In the fed state, amino acids not needed for protein synthesis are most likely to:
Definition
be used as an energy source in the liver by deanimation.
Term

Lysine is a substrate for carnatine

Definition
Term
The carbon skeletons are all capable of entering the TCA cycle. They enter the cycle in different locations.
Definition
Term
Branch Chain Amino Acids _____ and are ____% of diet amino acids
Definition

Leucine, Isoleucin, Valine

 20-30%

Term
Maple Syrup unine disease infants have low activity of branch chain amino acid dehydrogenase - can form ketoacid, but can not metabolize it
Definition
Term

Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body (glutamate + nitrogen= glutamine)

Important in carring Nitrogen out of the body. 

 

Glutamine in the kidney is an important transporter in Nitrogen in an acid environment where glutamine will be taken up by the kindney and a deaminase will remove the ammonia. Acid conditon will form ammonium. Ammonia will go into the filtrate and come back into the blood. Ammonium cannot.

The urea synthesis would be diminished some and more nitrogen would be carried by glutamine to help in terms of buffering pH

Definition
Term

Some Carnasine is synthesized in the kindey

Carnasine can supply the blood with histadine.

Also found in foods (meat products)

A peptide that can be absorbed in tact. 

Definition
Term
Phenylanaline can be taken up by the kidney and with hydroxalation can be converted to tyrosine
Definition
Term

Arginine is synthesized in the kidney.  It can leave the kidney. Important in the urea cycle. 

Definition
Term
Kidney is involved in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism.
Definition
Term

Skeletal Muscle

Branch chain amino acids initial metabolism

synthesis of alanine and glutamine in muscle as a way to carry N from the muscle to liver

 Creatanine(spontaneous biprodcut of creatine metabolism) measure of muscle content because creatanine is excreted in the urine, it is not metabolized

3-methyl histidine is in lots of proteins, but actin once histidine is put into the peptide chain is methalated. When actin is degraded (turns over) amino acids are released and not catabolized, it is lost in the urine- indicator of muscle protein turnover

 

Definition
Term

The brain has a very active system for taking up amino acids. Tyrosine Tryptophane is the substrate for transmitters. Tryptophane for seratonin. Tyrosine for norepniphrine & dopamine. Not much glutamate, glucose can synthiesze. Glutamine is the main way that nitrogen is released from the brain.

Tryptophane-melatonin involved in sleep cycle

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter and can produce GABA

Can produce neuropeptides

Tyrosine can come from diet or phenylalanine

Definition
Term
____ and ____ bind to amino acids.
Definition
Glycine, taurine
Term
In adult we need the rate of synthesis to be equal to the rate of _____.
Definition
catabolism
Term
Adults synthesize and degrade ~_____ grams protein per day
Definition
200-300
Term
Grains tend to be low in _____.
Definition
Lycine
Term
Legumes tend to be low in _____.
Definition
Methionine
Term

Taurine is a substrate for

Definition
conjugated bile acids
Term

Tryptophane is a substrate for

Definition
melatonin and seritonin
Term
_____ hydroxylates to ____ and is a substrate for thyroxin, dopamine, norepi, and epinephrine
Definition
Phenylalanine, tyrosine
Term

Protein and energy requirements

0-6 months old ____cal/kg & ___grams protein/kg/day

Definition
95kg,  1.52
Term
Energy and protien requirements for 9-13 years old is ____kcal /kg and ____ grams protein/kg/day
Definition
56, .95
Term
Protein and energy requirements for 19-30 years old is ___kcal/kg and ____ grams protein/kg/day
Definition
42, .8
Term
Symptoms of protein energy malnutrition
Definition
  • vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite.
  • increased susceptibility to infection
  • Skin is thinner
  • Less hair growth (dark hair will be a lighter reddish yellow color)
Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition
  • 1st child breast fed, 2nd child is born. So 1st child in weened.
  • Fatty liver, edema, decreased hepatic protein synthesis
  • irratible behavior
Term
Marasmus
Definition
  • Lack of food (refugee camps)
  • Apathy
  • Greek for wasting
Term
Cancer needs elevate ___ to ___ grams per day
Definition
2-2.5
Term

Body building

Muscle loses phenylalanine 

Excercise increases protein synthesis

 

Definition
Term

Recovery from Protein Energy Malnurition:

 

Definition
  • Urea cycle enzymes down regulate. During refeeding, need to gradually upregulate.
  •  Control blood ammonia in narrow range.
Term
____ % of dietary protein in the US is indispensible amino acids.
Definition
50
Term
Infants need ~____ % of dietary protein as indispensable amino acids
Definition

40

(need really good quality protein)

Term
Amino Acid deamination
Definition
Is regulated by high km deaminases
Term
The protein requirement for infants is based on
Definition
milk intake
Term

Burns, Surgery, Sepsis

 

Definition
  • Stress hormones and cytokines increase
  • Insulin and growth hormone resistance
  • Hypermetabolic (net protein loss)
  • At bed rest (2 weeks), rate of protein synthesis in muscle will be decreased by half, protein catabolism will not change.
  • If in bed for infection, burn, sickness-protein synthesis will decreased by half. Protein catabolism will increase.
Term
Protein requirement is determined by
Definition

Nitrogen balance

(tends to overestimate true retention)

Term
Positive Balance
Definition

If intake is greater than excretion then one is retaining nitrogen 

(ex. athletic training-muscle building)

Term
Negative Balance
Definition
One is excreting more nitrogen than consuming
Term
Infants synthesize ~___ g/kg/day
Definition
4.5 (almost 2x adults)
Term
Young adults synthesize ~ ___ grams/kg/day
Definition
2.5
Term

After a meal:

Definition
insulin is secreted and there is a decrease of catabolic hormones.

Increase in protein synthesis

Decrease in protein catabolism

 (Net retention)

Term
Post Meal- Fasting
Definition

Increase in protein catabolism

Decrease in insulin

Negative protein balance

 

Term

Several day of fasting- one would lose around 12 grams of nitrogen per day. Because of increased need for amino acids for gluconeogenisis.

Longer term starvation (2 weeks)  the adaptations that cause a loss of 3 grams of nitrogen per day. Because of increase in ketogenesis and then lower gluconeogenisis.

Definition
Term
For adults, Estimated Average Requirement is ____grams /kg of ideal body weight/day
Definition
.66
Term
For adults RDA = EAR x 126% is ____grams/kg/day
Definition

 

.80

Term

Pregnancy requirements are ____grams/kg/day

The RDA is ____grams/kg/day.

Definition
.88, 1.1
Supporting users have an ad free experience!