Term
|
Definition
-long-term fasting: glycogen stores depleted, but still need glucose
-Glycolysis occuring in adipose tissue
-fatty acids metabolized in liver
-Once processes occur, acetyl ketone can leave the liver and brain can use them
-over time, 40-50% energy can be derived from ketones after long-term fasting.
-major source of carbon for gluconeogenesis is amino acids
-nitrogen excreted thru urine (along w/ water and electrolytes)--> death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in liver
-smell acetone on breath
-occurs when blood NEFA concentration is high (starvation, low carb or Atkins, Diabetes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy source
-produced in liver, but used in muscle and brain for oxidation
-water soluble
fatty acid B oxidation-->acetyl CoA-->leave liver thru blood into muscle--> interconverted into acetyo acetate-->TCA cycle-->use as energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess prod. of ketones-high plasma NEFA
-ketones in urine incr. urine output and loss of electrolytes
-loss of apetite, incr. free fatty acids from adipose tissue
-ketones are ketoacids and may lower blood pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SERIOUS!
-blood pH drops, food intake drops, vomiting, irritability
-incr. urination, dehydration
-reduce NEFA mobilization fromadipose tissue to stop this and decrease glucagon release and increase insulin release (eat more carbs to slow this)
-buffer systems rely on nml lung/kidney fxn--> if compromised (pneumonia, etc), you get acidosis
-can lead to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20-35% of energy
<300mg cholesterol
-no more than 10% PUFA and saturated fatty acids
-monounsaturated fatty acids better (plant sources) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major lipid in food
95% of dietary fat
major storage form in body |
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons contain primarily ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generate LDL particles in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are stored in phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates lipoprotein lipase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
essential for lipid absorp.
-Bile includes bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids
Bile acid=free acid
2-5g bile acids
-90% bile acids recycled in Ileum (back to liver/gallbladder)
-1/2 cholesterol in bile comes into intestine, some is used but most is excreted |
|
|
Term
| Major lipid in the diet is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| should be no more than 10% of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has one double bond at delta 9, omega 9, and is oleic acid |
|
|
Term
| beta hydroxybutyrate _____ |
|
Definition
formed in the liver and is usedin the heart as an energy source
-is not synthesized from pyruvate
-is used in muscle but not formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exceptionally high in saturated fatty acids --shorter chain |
|
|
Term
| About __ % of lipid digestion occurs in stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized in intestine, reabsorbed in ileum, recycled only small amount lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized in intestine, metabolized by hormone lipoprotein lipase, and carry dietary cholesterol to liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Has the highest % cholesterol
-Synthesized by lipoprotein lipase action and from VLDL.
-In the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-May be used to synthesize acetyl CoA
-Synthesized primarily in liver
-Transported during fasting ad fed state b/c water-soluble |
|
|
Term
| In the fasted state fatty acids for VLDL synthesis arise from ______. |
|
Definition
| plasma NEFA's from adipose tissue in the fasted state. |
|
|
Term
| A HDL cholesterol concentration of ____mg/dl is a CVD risk factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to tissues for steroid hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that esterifies cellular cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Person w/ elevated fasting blood triglycerides ____. |
|
Definition
| should increase % fat in diet and should consume fiber rich foods. |
|
|
Term
| Consumption of ____ will _____ hepatic LDL receptor content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Foam cells are derived from _____. |
|
Definition
| smooth mm. cells or macrophages |
|
|
Term
| It is desirable to have a ____ Apo-B and ____ Apo-A1 concentration in blood when fasting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eicosapentaeonic acid is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Essential fatty acids are concentrated in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major PUFA in phosphatidylinositol is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
