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HNF 150 exam 2
exam 2: Hunger in America, Protein, Vitamins, Energy Balance, Sustainable Food Systems & Sports Nutrition
62
Other
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2012

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Term
Protein is composed of what elements?
Definition
C, H, O, AND NITROGEN
Term
building blocks of proteins
Definition
amino acids
Term
which part of an amino acid contains nitrogen?
Definition
amine group
Term
what kind of bonds hold proteins together?
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
blood proteins are what shape?
Definition
globular
Term
lipo proteins are what shape?
Definition
hollow balls
Term
proteins that make up tendons are what shape?
Definition
long stiff structures
Term
steps to protein synthesis:
Definition
1. uncoil DNA, copied by RNA
2. mRNA leaves nucleus -> ribosome
3. mRNA attaches to ribosome
4. tRNA clusters around ribosome and moves into place
5. amino acids line up
6. strand is produced
Term
denaturation
Definition
process of uncoiling proteins so they can be broken down (occurs in the stomach)
Term
Small intestines roll in digestion of proteins
Definition
breaks proteins into peptides, which is absorbed by villi and travels through blood as single amino acids.
Term
functions of proteins
Definition
support growth and maintenance
enzymes
peptide hormones (insulin)
structural proteins
transport proteins
immuno proteins
maintain acid-base balance
blood clotting
energy
Term
how much energy does 1 gram of protein provide?
Definition
4 cal
Term
how many amino acids are essential?
Definition
9
Term
how many amino acids are nonessential?
Definition
11
Term
how many other amino acids can one bond with?
Definition
2
Term
fate of amino acid depends on...
Definition
state of health
food source (how digestible is it?)
other nutrients ingested
composition
Term
most digestible source of protein
Definition
animal foods (90%)
........then legumes (80%)
grains (60-90%)
Term
what percent of your daily calories should be from protein?
Definition
10-20%
which is:
.8g/kg
50g
Term
Marasmus
Definition
protein deficiency. body looks frail.
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
protein deficiency. body is swollen (edema)
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
A, D, E, K
Term
Water soluble vitamins
Definition
B vitamins and Vitamin C
Term
fat soluble vitamins require this to be broken down
Definition
bile
Term
where do fat soluble vitamins travel?
Definition
lymph
Term
where are fat soluble stored?
Definition
liver, fat
Term
this vitamin can be produced naturally from exposure to sunlight
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
this vitamin can act as a hormone and affect blood calcium & phosphorus levels.
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
deficiencies of this vitamin can cause rickets in kids and osteomalatia in adults
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
Toxicity of this vitamin can cause calcification of soft tissues -> kidney stones.
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
Food sources of Vitamin D
Definition
fortified milk, salmon bones, egg yolks, shrimp and sunlight
Term
this vitamin is synthesized by the intestinal lining
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
this vitamin has a blood clotting factor (coagulation)
also has some to do with bone protein formation
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
Vitamin K deficiencies are most likely for...
Definition
infants, people on antibiotics
Term
Vitamin K deficiencies can cause
Definition
hemorrhage, abnormal bone formation.
Term
Vitamin K toxicities are most likely for...
Definition
infants, pregnant women
Term
Vitamin K toxicity can cause
Definition
red blood cells to break and release pigment & can interfere with blood clotting meds.
Term
Food sources for Vitamin K include...
Definition
leafy green veggies
canola oil
soy beans
Term
this vitamin was the first to be discovered
Definition
Vitamin A
Term
3 forms of Vitamin A are....
Definition
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Term
precursor for Vitamin A
Definition
beta carotene
Term
where is Vitamin A stored?
Definition
liver
Term
Functions of Vitamin A include
Definition
vision, bone growth, immune, and maintenance of body linings
Term
Deficiencies of Vitamin A
Definition
keratinzation (reversible)
xeropthlamia (permanent blindness)
night blindness
Term
toxicity of vitamin A
Definition
death, fractures, liver failures, birth defects, bone abnormality
Term
Food sources for Vitamin A
Definition
fortified milk, carrot, mango, apricot, spinach, sweet potato, beef liver, bell pepper
Term
Vitamins that are antioxidants
Definition
A, C, E
(vitamin C is the only water soluble)
Term
Functions of this vitamin include:
nerve development & working with the immune system
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
Deficiencies for Vitamin E (RARE)but most likely found in...
Definition
premature infants, people with fat malabsorption diseases, chronic low fat diets
Term
Toxicity of this vitamin can lead to interference with Vitamin K, and increase oxidation
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
Food sources for Vitamin E
Definition
Safflower oil, canola oil, wheat germ, mayo, sunflower seeds
Term
visceral fat
Definition
fat stored withing the abdominal cavity
Term
subcutaneous fat
Definition
fat just underneath the skin
Term
satiation
Definition
perception of fullness
Term
satiety
Definition
feeling of fullness after eating
Term
Leptin
Definition
hormone that tells you "you're full"
Term
More fat in blood steam, more leptin, true or false?
Definition
#TRU
Term
number one cause of fatigue for athletes
Definition
negative energy balance
Term
how long does ATP last?
Definition
1-10 seconds
Term
Anaerobic energy system lasts for....
Definition
90 seconds
Term
Aerobic energy system lasts for
Definition
long time.. hour plus.
Term
glycogen is stored in...
Definition
muscles, liver and blood
Term
lipids and fat are stored..
Definition
under the skin and in muscles.
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