Term
| What are the energy yielding nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are all classes of nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Protein, carbs, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water |
|
|
Term
| What % of body weight is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Protein, lipids, carbs, water (need at least g amounts daily) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1000 cal = 1 food Cal = 4184 J of energy |
|
|
Term
| Why is vitamin A called vitamin A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
Retinol (animal form)
Retinal
Retinoic Acid |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin A stored? |
|
Definition
| In the LIVER (fat soluble vitamin) |
|
|
Term
| Function of vitamin A in the eye? |
|
Definition
| Transforms light energy into nerve impulses at the retina |
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|
Term
| Reaction involving vitamin A in the EYE... |
|
Definition
Normally, rhodopsin pigment bound to moc of RETINAL in cis conformation
Light molecule hits rhodopsin, retinal changes to trans conformation and dissociates
Lose some retinal from cycle; some retinal converts back to cis and remains in cycle
If you have normal vit A intake, vitamin A will replace the lost retinal |
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|
Term
| Normal (resting form) of retinal in eye... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| Can synthesize from cholesterol precursor in the skin |
|
|
Term
| What does the RDA for vitamin D assume? |
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Definition
| That NONE is synthesized in the skin |
|
|
Term
| Process of vitamin D activation (from skin to fully active)... |
|
Definition
Precursor in skin is hit by light, creates vitamin D3
Liver adds 1 OH group at C25
Kidney adds 1 OH group at C1 (now fully active) |
|
|
Term
| Do animals get vitamin D from furry skin or only bare skin? |
|
Definition
GET FROM BOTH
Udder cover condition was approximately the same as no cover control for vitamin D levels
In contrast, horse cover condition was much lower for vitamin D
Suggests that vitamin D is produced in BOTH |
|
|
Term
| MAJOR essential minerals.... |
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Definition
| Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, SO4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fe, I, Zn, Cr, Se, F, Molyb, Cu, Mn |
|
|
Term
| Relative concentration of K+ inside vs. outside heart cells? |
|
Definition
[K] > inside than outside
If K injected into vein, heart may stop because gradient disappears (raises ECF concentration) - blocks membrane REPOLARIZATION (no K efflux) |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition includes both.... |
|
Definition
| OVERNUTRITION AND UNDERNUTRITION |
|
|
Term
| What is nutrient density? |
|
Definition
Nutrient density = amount of nutrient food contains per energy content (g/kcal)
Want a HIGH NUTRIENT density with a low energy density |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of OBSERVATIONAL NUTRITION STUDIES: |
|
Definition
NO intervention, just observe
CANNOT infer causality, only correlation
NO manipulation or control group
E.g. Prospective cohort, case-control |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of INTERVENTION TRIALS (STUDIES): |
|
Definition
Researchers manipulate variable in one group and compare to a control group
Need randomization to avoid biases
Placebo, single/double blind, ethical concerns, duration ($) |
|
|
Term
| Two different approaches to nutrition recommendations? |
|
Definition
NUTRIENT BASED - consolidate DRIs for nutrients
DIETARY PATTERN - food guide eating habits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estimated average requirement
Average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain biological function in 50% of healthy members of a given group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recommended dietary allowance
Average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain function in 98% of healthy members of a given group
RDA = EAR + 2 st dev's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the absence of an RDA; reflects average amount of a nutrient that healthy group consumes |
|
|
Term
| What is the UL of vitamin A? COnsequences of exceeding? |
|
Definition
3000 ug/day
Consequence = bone defects (inhibits bone building, stimulates bone breakdown) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estimated energy requirement
Estimated energy requirement for WEIGHT MAINTENANCE in healthy individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbs = 45-65%
Lipids = 20-35%
Protein = 10-35% |
|
|
Term
| How much energy is in 1 lb of fat? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Difference between HUNGER and APPETITE? |
|
Definition
Hunger = physiological desire for food
Appetite = psychological desire for food
Can have appetite without hunger (e.g. eating dessert after a large meal) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between satiation and satiety? |
|
Definition
Satiation = occurs DURING MEAL; feeling of fullness that HALTS eating
Satiety = occurs BETWEEN MEALS; determines when you eat next (inhibits eating until next meal) |
|
|
Term
| homeostatic control of hunger - long vs. short term? |
|
Definition
Short = nutrient levels in body determine
Long = energy stored in body |
|
|
Term
| Main brain region influencing eating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does hunger/satiety info travel through to reach hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of cell clusters in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
Orexigenic - induce hunger; inhibit MC4 receptor activity to INCREASE food intake
Anorexigenic - suppress hunger; increase MC4 activity to DECREASE food intake |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of the MC4 receptor in eating? |
|
Definition
DECREASE food intake
Activated by anorexigenic neurons
Inhibited by orexigenic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Hedonic/Reward control of eating/appetite... |
|
Definition
Eating also influenced by other pathways - mesolimbic DA pathway (includes VTA and arcuate N)
Reward pathways |
|
|
Term
| What is the variety effect? |
|
Definition
| Will eat more when we have a greater variety of choices |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things mediate the Variety Effect? |
|
Definition
Sensory specific satiety - desire for food WITHIN MEAL, decreases with exposure
Monotony - desire for food ACROSS MEALS, decreases with exposure |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary advantages of variety effect? |
|
Definition
Avoid toxicity
More likely to meet macronutrient needs
Improved survival when food is scarce |
|
|
Term
| What area of the brain is believed to mediate the variety effect? |
|
Definition
| SECONDARY TASTE cortex - area of brain associated with taste |
|
|
Term
| What happens in secondary taste cortex with repeated exposure? |
|
Definition
| Decreased firing, decreases reward value associated with a given food |
|
|
Term
| How many aa's long is ghrelin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
28 aa long peptide hormone; secreted by fundus of stomach (superior)
Activates NPY producing neurons in arcuate nucleus
Released during fasting to stimulate eating (orexigenic)
Increases hunger & appetite |
|
|
Term
| If ghrelin has expected effects, what would you observe for energy intake at meal AND reported subjective ratings of hunger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone may regulate contractions of the stomach when it is empty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to satiation if pylorus of stomach is cuffed to prevent emptying? What happens to meal size? |
|
Definition
It is halted due to gastric distension
HOWEVER, EATING IS HALTED AT LARGER THAN NORMAL meal size (when artificially cuffed) - therefore, must be other factors |
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|
Term
| Criteria for intestinal peptides: |
|
Definition
1) must be released during food ingestion
2) exogenous administration should decrease meal size dose-dependently and rapidly w/o illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Released from duodenum & jejunum when lumen contains lipids/proteins
Stimulates bile release
May slow gastric emptying to enhance gastric distension; can act on brain via vagal afferents |
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|
Term
| CCK as a drug to stimulate weight loss? |
|
Definition
For rats exposed to free food, will consistently suppress meal SIZE but NOT food intake
Drop in meal size is compensated by an increase in meal # |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secreted from ileum mainly in response to carbs/lipids
Initiates ILEAL BRAKE - inhibition of proximal GI motility and gastric emptying to enhance satiation |
|
|
Term
| Location of secretion of CCK vs. GLP-1? |
|
Definition
CCK = duodenum, jejunum
GLP-1 = ileum |
|
|
Term
| When are ghrelin levels highest? |
|
Definition
| BEFORE MEAL - thought to stimulate eating |
|
|
Term
| Short term energy regulation peptides/hormones vs. long term? |
|
Definition
Short = GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin
Long = leptin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by adipose cells (more fat = more leptin)
Function - decrease energy intake and increase energy expenditure (via hypothal) |
|
|
Term
| Leptin's effects with CCK/GLP-1? |
|
Definition
| Leptin may enhance gut and brain sensitivity to CCK and GLP-1 or increase their release (short term anorexigenic effects of leptin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activation of reward pathways by food - DA pathways (DA release on N accumbens of limbic system)
Reward deficiency syndrome - may have chronically low DA levels and you self-medicate by eating more to increase DA
Hypersensitive to reward - palpable food is more rewarding, increased sensitivity makes you more prone to addiction |
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|
Term
| How much of daily energy expenditure comes from basal metabolism? |
|
Definition
| 60-75% - BMR is just our baseline metabolic rate; influenced by - fasting, body composition, growth, temperature, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most variable component of energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between sleep and energy balance? |
|
Definition
Short sleep linked w/ obesity
Short sleep increases energy intake, but DOES NOT change energy expenditure
Saw INCREASED GHRELIN and DECREASED LEPTIN after short sleeps (increase in energy intake) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Non exercise activity thermogenesis - energy expended from activities that are not considered exercise, BMR, or TEF |
|
|
Term
| How much of our daily energy expenditure comes from the thermic effect of food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest energy stores in the body in order? |
|
Definition
| Triglycerides (adipose tissue), protein (muscle), glycogen (liver & muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between what is measured in direct vs. indirect calorimetry? |
|
Definition
Direct = measure body heat production
Indirect = measure O2; O2 uptake of 1 L approx = 5 kcal |
|
|
Term
| 3 components of energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
TEF (10%)
BMR (60-75%)
Exercise (variable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weight in kg / height in m2 |
|
|
Term
| Where do we want our fat to be distributed? |
|
Definition
Want subcutaneous fat instead of visceral/truncal fat
Visceral fat linked to atherosclerosis and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Progress of obesity's involvement in development of type II DM... |
|
Definition
In obesity have more fat transporters in sarcolemma membrane
More fatty acids enter cell and accumulate
Fat accumulation blocks insulin transduction to move GLUT4 to membrane to help take in glucose (glucose can't get in cell) |
|
|
Term
| Bariatric sx - difference between banding and bypass? |
|
Definition
Banding - lap band placed near fundus to decrease meal size
Bypass - staple stomach to shrink and create bypass route to get to intestines |
|
|
Term
| Is diet based or exercised based weight loss better at keeping off weight? |
|
Definition
| EWL is better at preserving lean tissue levels |
|
|
Term
| Is diet based or exercised based weight loss better at keeping off weight? |
|
Definition
EWL is better at preserving lean tissue levels
EWL also increases insulin sensitivity again |
|
|
Term
| Most effective way to lose visceral fat? |
|
Definition
By exercise - better than diet alone
Even EXERCISE WITHOUT WEIGHT LOSS results in visceral fat loss |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
Refuse to maintain weight at or above 85% of normal
Intense fear of gaining weight, even though underweight
Disturbance in body perception
Missed 3 straight menstrual cycles
Also see AN is associated with obsessive compulsive exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Restrictive
Binging/Purging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reported to have HIGHEST mortality rate out of all psych illnesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Semistarvation induced hyperactivity - for AN rat models; restricted food and access to exercise sees HUGE drop in weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Foraging behaviour - when you forage, scarce food so increased activity = decreased eating; normal eating resumes with ad libitum access
Thermoregulatory behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal bone decalcification causing loss of bone mineral density |
|
|
Term
| Difference in osteopenia and osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Osteopenia = between 1 and 2.5 SD down from average
Osteoporosis = more than 2.5 SD down from average |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and bone mineral density? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen reduces bone resorption to maintain density; decreased estrogen = increased resorption (seen in AN) |
|
|
Term
| Bone density & amennorhea? |
|
Definition
| LOWER BMD in amenorrheic athletes but weight bearing does help a bit |
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|
Term
| Supplementation for vitamins and minerals in athletes.... |
|
Definition
NOT NEEDED if they are eating energy dense foods with adequate energy
Supplement may be needed if athlete diets, or is eliminating food groups and is not healthy (injured) |
|
|
Term
| What is the energy requirement for protein (g/kg)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMDR for athletes vs. normal population? |
|
Definition
| Athletes - higher for carbs & protein, but SAME for fat |
|
|
Term
AMDR for athletes?
General popuation? |
|
Definition
Athletes - 6-10 g carbs/kg; 1.2-1.7 g protein/kg
Normal - 40-65% carbs, 0.8 g protein/kg (10-35%)
LIPIDS = 20-35% for BOTH |
|
|
Term
| Resistance vs. Endurance Exercise? |
|
Definition
Resistance - BUILD MUSCLE
Endurance - some muscle protein used as fuel; dietary aa's ussed to replace and repair |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things are the biggest differences in the nutrient needs of athletes? |
|
Definition
Amount of ENERGY and FLUID consumption
Particular focus on CHO because we have a limited CHO storage capacity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 energy systems to make ATP? |
|
Definition
Phosphocreatine - PCr
Anaerobic glycolysis (substrate level phos)
Oxidative phos (ETC) |
|
|
Term
| Equilibrium for PCr ATP system? |
|
Definition
ADP + PCr <-> ATP + Cr
ENZ over arrow = CREATINE KINASE
As muscle contraction occurs, increase in ADP levels shifts reaction to the right (more ATP formation) |
|
|
Term
| Compare peak rate of ATP production for the 3 ATP systems? |
|
Definition
FASTEST = PCr system
SLOWEST = ETC
Glycolysis (substrate level) is intermediate |
|
|
Term
| For what duration of activity is glycolysis mainly used? |
|
Definition
| Mainly used for activities lasting about 2 mins |
|
|
Term
| What does oxid phosphorylation allow for? |
|
Definition
Allows for use of both CARBS and FAT as substrates for ATP generation
Ox phos has a HIGH capacity to make ATP, but slower peak rate than glycolysis or PCr |
|
|
Term
| How much of the ATP is produced by ox phos for activities longer than 10 mins? |
|
Definition
90% of ATP
Ox phos is activated when activity length passes 2 mins |
|
|
Term
| What does the rate of oxygen consumption reflect? What is it used to estimate? |
|
Definition
Reflects rate of AEROBIC ATP production (ox phos)
Used to estimate EXERCISE INTENSITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Max rate at which you can consume O2 (in L/min) |
|
|
Term
| Crossover concept in exercise intensity? |
|
Definition
START - with most energy coming from fat
As exercise intensity (VO2 max) increases - % energy from carbs increases
See cross over between carbs and fat at about 40% VO2 max |
|
|
Term
| As aerobic exercise intensity increases we rely more on ______ for fuel |
|
Definition
| CARBS (higher intensity, more energy from carbs) |
|
|
Term
| Approx what level is blood glucose maintained at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LIMITED (limited reserves in the body) |
|
|
Term
| Running out of CHO in the body leads to _______ |
|
Definition
| FATIGUE (b/c more CHO used at higher exercise intensity) |
|
|
Term
| In what type of exercise is hypoglycemia (running out of CHO) a concern? |
|
Definition
| 75% peak aerobic capacity, lasting more than 90 mins |
|
|
Term
| What do we solely rely on if muscle glycogen is depleted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does increasing glycogen storage from diet (carb loading, eating during exercise) improve performance? |
|
Definition
YES - longer time to exhaustion for those on high carb diet
ALSO improved performance (completed task in shorter time) |
|
|
Term
| In what exercise events is carb loading most helpful? |
|
Definition
| In events where glycogen depletion is most likely to occur (75% VO2 max for more than 90 mins) |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen w/ water storage? |
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Definition
| 1 g glycogen stored w/ 3 g of water - need to be wary of excess weight |
|
|
Term
| High carb diet increases the size of ........ |
|
Definition
MUSCLE GLYCOGEN stores
Leads to increase in time to exhaustion and increase in speed |
|
|
Term
| Carb intake during exercise... |
|
Definition
When exo carb is taken during exercise LESS liver glycogen is used, muscle glycogen is UNCHANGED
Exogenous carbs SPARES LIVER GLYCOGEN! |
|
|
Term
| What type of glycogen is spared when it is taken exogenously during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Performance difference in sparing of liver glycogen by exogenous carb during exercise... |
|
Definition
| Only important AFTER 2 HOURS of exercise (noticeable difference) |
|
|
Term
| Does the type of CHO taken during exercise matter? |
|
Definition
Doesn't matter whether snacks/fluid - fluid better b/c more efficient, get water too
Combinations of carbohydrate may increase uptake |
|
|
Term
| Recommended CHO intake during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is fat loading NOT recommended? |
|
Definition
Already have enough fat - NOT limited like CHO
May not result in glycogen sparing
Can result in glycogen depletion (less carbs in diet)
Negative health consequences for long term diets |
|
|
Term
| Why are MCFA more quickly available for oxidation compared to LCFA? |
|
Definition
| MCFA are directly absorbed into portal circulation; LCFA first enter lymph circulation in chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
| Evidence that MCFA ingestion may improve exercise? |
|
Definition
Lipid infusion to gut spared CHO
MCFAs absorbed quickly directly into portal
MCFAs are oxidized in exercise
MCFAs get into mitochondria more easily than LCFAs |
|
|
Term
| MCFA consumption trial results? |
|
Definition
MCFA group performed WORSE than placebo, took longer, lower power output
Also caused GI cramping & GI distress
NO CHO sparing, no time trial improvement |
|
|
Term
| How much water can we lose from breathing during exercise? |
|
Definition
| 1.5 L or more during each hour |
|
|
Term
| For what duration of events is electrolyte replacement NEEDED? |
|
Definition
Anything > 3 hours
May help for > 60 mins |
|
|
Term
| Pre-game meal recommendations |
|
Definition
Fluids
300-800 kcal; lots of CHO
3-4 h before competition
Avoid high fat & high fibre |
|
|
Term
| What is the glycemic index? |
|
Definition
| Ratio of area under the glucose response curve of 50 g of a particular food compared to area under curve for 50 g of glucose |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen resynthesis rate is highest __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of GLUT transporters are in muscle membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might athletes have low Fe? |
|
Definition
Increased need - make more Hb because more need for O2; depletes iron stores
Increased loss from sweat, foot strike anemia
Inadequate intake, restricted eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women > 50 AND ALL MEN - 8 mg/daily
Women 19-50 (menstruating) - 18 mg/daily
B/c Fe deficiency more common in women |
|
|
Term
| Types of iron and absorption? |
|
Definition
Heme Fe - animal sources; easily absorbed; 10% of consmption
Nonheme Fe - animal & plant; less easily absorbed, but absorption enhanced by Vit C |
|
|
Term
| What does Vit C enhance the absorption of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Fe deficiency anemia result in? |
|
Definition
Small pale RBCs
Low HCT (hematocrit)
Low [Hb]
Low ferritin |
|
|
Term
| What does Fe deficiency anemia result in? |
|
Definition
Small pale RBCs
Low HCT (hematocrit)
Low [Hb]
Low ferritin |
|
|
Term
| Stages of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
1) Fatty streak - oxidation of LDL attracts monocytes which turn into macrophages and engulf LDL (foam cells)
2) Fibrous plaque - smooth muscle cells form cap w/ collagen over foam cells
3) Rupture & thrombus - cap ruptures; thrombi form due to exposure to the thrombogenic core of lesion |
|
|
Term
| When did the ECG become available? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early animal evidence linking diet to atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol fed to mice in high amounts led to fatty lesions, still somewhat different than those seen on humans |
|
|
Term
| Compounds made from cholesterol.... |
|
Definition
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Hormones (sterones) |
|
|
Term
| Where do we get most cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| MOST made endogenously in the liver |
|
|
Term
| When was disease of coronary arteries added as cause of death? |
|
Definition
1930s
Allowed for development of MORTALITY STATISTICS for CHD |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol density (most % TG to least % TG)... |
|
Definition
Chylomicrons (most), VLDL, LDL, HDL (least)
Chylomicron has lowest density because it is most fat
HDL has least fat, so is the most dense |
|
|
Term
| Difference between linoleic and linolenic acids? |
|
Definition
Linoleic = 2 double bonds; omega 6 fatty acid
Linolenic = 3 double bonds; omega 3 fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| Findings by Ancel Keys in 1952? |
|
Definition
Found LITTLE impact of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol
Diets high in saturated fat increased serum cholesterol greatly though |
|
|
Term
| 1960s - serum cholesterol and dietary fats... |
|
Definition
Saturated fats - increase serum cholesterol
Unsaturated fats - decrease serum cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Randomly selected men and women 30-60 selected; followed up over 30 yrs
Major risk factors - serum cholesterol, smoking, BP |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the 1970s w/ fish oils? |
|
Definition
Northern aboriginals - high in saturated fats, but have low rates of CHD
High intake of eicosapenataenoic acid (EPA) from fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Omega-3 polynunsaturated acid with 20 C's and 5 double bonds
Can be synthesized in limited amounts from linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
| Solube fibre & cholesterol diets? |
|
Definition
| High fibre binds to bile and both excreted, more cholesterol needs to be used to synthesize more bile |
|
|
Term
| Difference between soluble and insoluble fibres? |
|
Definition
Soluble - oatmeal, legumes, lentils, pectin fruits
Non Soluble - wheat bran, whole grains, skins & leaves |
|
|
Term
| What type of diet did the 7 Countries Study in 1970-80 identify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is defined as "normal cholesterol"? |
|
Definition
5.2 mmol/L
200 mg/dl
>6.2 is high |
|
|
Term
| Fish oil CVD prevention trials? |
|
Definition
3 groups - lower total fat (better polyun), increase in fatty fish, increase in fibre
Only increase in fish showed sig difference w/ control |
|
|
Term
| Brown and Gold win nobel prize for.... |
|
Definition
| Discovery of LDL receptor |
|
|
Term
| How is cellular cholesterol regulated? |
|
Definition
LDL binds to receptor on membrane, cholesterol from LDL can enter cell
If cell cholesterol levels are high - LDL production & cholesterol production is DECREASED
If cell cholesterol levels are low - LDL production & cholesterol production is INCREASED |
|
|
Term
| In the cell if there is HIGH intracelluar cholesterol... |
|
Definition
Down regulation of LDL receptor expression
Decrease activity of RLS ENZ in cholesterol synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How does increased dietary saturated fat lead to increased LDL? |
|
Definition
1) increases LDL production in liver
2) decrease LDL receptor production in liver, so more LDL in blood |
|
|
Term
| Function of STATINS (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) in LIVER... |
|
Definition
| Increase expression of LDL receptor and increase cholesterol removal from blood - raises cell cholesterol levels |
|
|
Term
| What does hydrogenation do to fat? |
|
Definition
Makes them less susceptible to hydrogenation (prevent rancidity)
Increase MP (solid at room temp) |
|
|
Term
| When did studies begin to show that trans fat may decrease HDL and increase CVD risk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Current transfat recommendation? |
|
Definition
| Restrict to < 1% of calories |
|
|
Term
| Effects of trans fats in the body? |
|
Definition
Increase LDL
Decrease HDL
Increase inflammation
Increased atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Recommended blood lipid levels? |
|
Definition
Total cholesterol < 5.2 mmol/L
LDL < 3.5
HDL > 1
Triglyc < 1.7 |
|
|
Term
| Trans fat, saturated fat and cholesterol intake limitations? |
|
Definition
Trans fat - limit to less than 1% of energy
Saturated - limit to less than 7% of energy
Cholesterol - limit to less than 300 mg (all daily) |
|
|
Term
| One of the earliest factors in development of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Impairment in vascular endothelial function |
|
|
Term
| How is the vascular endothelium vasoprotective? |
|
Definition
| Releases NO - vasodilation, inhibit thrombosis, inhibit smooth muscle proliferation, inhibit monocyte adhesion; last 3 are all anti-athersclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What is flow mediated dilation? |
|
Definition
A measure of endothelial function
Greater FMD = better endothelial function (more healthy)
FMD measured w/ cuff, when blood flow drops from cuff, FMD should activate |
|
|
Term
| Mental stress and endothelial function? |
|
Definition
| Impaired FMD after mental stress |
|
|
Term
| Mental stress and endothelial function? |
|
Definition
| Impaired FMD after mental stress |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between FMD and fat consumption? |
|
Definition
FMD significantly lower in postprandial fat consumption group compared to fasting
See diurnal variation in FMD |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between FMD and fat consumption? |
|
Definition
FMD significantly lower in postprandial fat consumption group compared to fasting
See diurnal variation in FMD |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of FMD impairment... |
|
Definition
Mental stress - activate HPA axis & sympathetic NS; decrease NO, increase endothelin 1; increased ROS and blood glucose
Fat consumption - decreased NO production, increased ROS production |
|
|
Term
| Study objective of mental stress + fat consumption? |
|
Definition
| Identify whether combined insult of mental stress + fat consumption leads to synergistic decrease in FMD |
|
|
Term
| Testing for subjects in FMD study... |
|
Definition
low fat meal (LFM)
LFM + stress
high fat meal (HFM)
HFM + stress
Meals matched for calories, but not for fat |
|
|
Term
| Results for blood lipids in FMD study? |
|
Definition
Lipids increased in HFM condition only
Blood lipids DID NOT increase more with addition of stress (stress + HFM) |
|
|
Term
| Results for stress condition in FMD study? |
|
Definition
| Saw that stress (LFM + S or HFM + S) caused an INCREASE in FMD (stress good for FMD?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Postprandial HFM state negatively impacts FMD (endothelial function)
Mental stress positively impacts endothelial function |
|
|
Term
| What is conching? Tempering? |
|
Definition
Conching - Multiday heating and grinding process for chocolate to improve taste
Tempering - heating & agitating to encourage crystal formation; gives good consistency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Little evidence of age dependent increase in BP or decline in renal function
Traditionally high cocoa diet; however, when these people move, and cocoa is replaced, benefits are lost |
|
|
Term
| Health benefits of chocolate thought to be derived from ______ in cocoa solids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are phytochemicals essential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytochemicals may act as _________ by limiting ROS's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epicatechin and catechin are examples of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of cocoa on CV health? |
|
Definition
Reduce diastolic BP, reduce MAP
Improved FMD
Reduce LDL, increase HDL
Low to moderate evidence of beneficial effects, without negatives |
|
|
Term
| How can [flavanols] be decreased in chocolate? |
|
Definition
Fermentation & roasting decrease levels (less in manufactured chocolate compared to pure cocoa seeds)
NO cocoa solids in white chocolate |
|
|
Term
| Why is DM prevalence increasing? |
|
Definition
Aging popuation
Poor diet
Physical inactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to insulin receptor to stimulate GLUT4 transporter incorporation into cell membrane (brings glucose into cell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the oral glucose tolerance test? |
|
Definition
| Ingest 75 g of glucose and measure plasma glucose 2h later |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes diagnosis (numbers)... |
|
Definition
Plasma glucose at rest > 7
Plasma glucose 2h post prandial > 11.1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A1C = glycosylated Hb
High A1C = poor glucose control
Low A1C = high glucose control (good)
Keep below 7 for DM patients; normally below 6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biguanidines - inhibit liver glucose secretion (Metformin)
TZDs - increase glucose uptake into tissue
Sulfonylureas - stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| Average drink equivalencies? |
|
Definition
150 mL of wine = 360 mL beer = 50 mL spirits
All contain 12-14 g EtOH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consuming 5 or more drinks on one occasion |
|
|
Term
| Moderate drinking guidelines for men/women? |
|
Definition
Men 2 drinks/day
Women 1 drink/day |
|
|
Term
| Where is the major site of EtOH absorption? |
|
Definition
| Starts in the stomach, main site is small intestine though |
|
|
Term
| Where is most alcohol eliminated? |
|
Definition
Liver (90%)
Some breathed off; excreted via kidney |
|
|
Term
| Where does alcohol metabolism start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH activity in men vs. women? |
|
Definition
| ADH has lower activity in women - so women absorb 20-35% more EtOH than men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcohol to acetaldehyde by ADH
Acetaldehyde to acetate by Acetald DH
Both reactions form NADH + H+ --> leads to triglyceride production because of redox, get FATTY LIVER |
|
|
Term
Liver rate of metabolism of EtOH per hour?
What is MEOS? |
|
Definition
1/2 ounce (15 mL) per hour
MEOS = microsomal EtOH oxidizing system; increased capacity with increased consumption |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin deficiencies in heavy drinkers? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin, folate, B6 deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Amount of energy provided by alcohol = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiamin deficiency in alcohol abusers? |
|
Definition
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome - loss of short term memory, jerky movement, staggered gait |
|
|
Term
| Progression of alcoholic liver disease? |
|
Definition
Fatty liver - accumulation of triglycerides
Alcoholic hepatitis - liver inflammation
Cirrhosis - permanent damage; scar tissue forms in liver; due to acetaldehyde accumulation |
|
|
Term
| How can EtOH abuse lead to gout? |
|
Definition
| Liver exposed to excess alcohol makes more lactate & ketone bodies - lead to uric acid build up as they compete with uric acid for excretion |
|
|
Term
| Progression from ovum to fetus... |
|
Definition
Ovum to zygote to blastocyst to embryo to fetus
Embryo = 2-8 weeks post conception
Fetus > 8 weeks post conception |
|
|
Term
| What are critical periods for the fetus? |
|
Definition
| Times of RAPID CELL DIVISION; tissue is most vulnerable to damage during this period |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of failure of neural tube to close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different forms of FOLATE... |
|
Definition
Foods - naturally occurring as polyglutamate
In intestine, glutamates broken off and methyl group is added
In cells, folate trapped in inactive methylated form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B12 removes Me group to activate itself and folate |
|
|
Term
| What is folate crucial for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of folate in neural tube closure |
|
Definition
| Folate & B12 needed to make methionine derivative to methylate DNA and close tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence of substance during fetal growth on development of disease later in life |
|
|
Term
| How to calculate dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)... |
|
Definition
Synthetic folate is absorbed at 1.7x the rate of natural folate
To calculate DFE, multiply synthetic/supplemental folate by 1.7x and then add dietary folate |
|
|
Term
| Folate recommendations for ... |
|
Definition
Childbearing age women = 400 DFE ug
During pregnancy = 600 DFE ug
Previously had infant w/ neural tube defect = 4 mg DFE (10 x 400 ug) |
|
|
Term
| What can folate deficiency lead to _________ anemia |
|
Definition
| Macrocytic anemia - cells do not divide and macrocytes form (megaloblastic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| How can B12 deficiency go undetected? |
|
Definition
Normally detect by macrocytic anemia (megaloblastic)
But if folate is high enough, then bypass normal conversion to folate and don't get anemia
B12 deficiency causes neurological symptom development |
|
|
Term
| ________ is a very important indicator of infant health? |
|
Definition
BIRTH WEIGHT
Influenced by maternal weight during and after pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| >>> _______ lbs retention after pregnancy is associated with future health risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to protein RDA for pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| Increases by 25 g/day (approx 3 glasses of milk) |
|
|
Term
| AI for pregnant women for linoleic and linolenic acids? |
|
Definition
Linoleic = 12 g/day
Linolenic = 1.1 g/day |
|
|
Term
| Increased water need in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased carb need for pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| Increased by 45 g to 175 g/day |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended weight gain in 2nd and 3rd trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is an increase in linoleic and linolenic acid consumption important during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Because they are incorporated into placenta & fetal tissues |
|
|
Term
| How much Ca does the fetus retain during gestation? When is most deposited? |
|
Definition
About 30 g
Most taken up in last trimester (bones growing)
Women DON'T need to increase Ca intake because its absorption is increased |
|
|
Term
| AI for Ca for pregnant vs non pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| 1000 mg for BOTH (don't need to increase) |
|
|
Term
| AI for Ca is equal to how many cups of milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vit C deficiency during pregnancy may increase risk for .... |
|
Definition
Premature birth
Pre-eclampsia |
|
|
Term
| How much is RDA for vit C increased during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Increased by 10 mg to 85 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Vegan diets during pregnancy/lactation may require fortification of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe & intractable nausea and vomiting during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
Why does constipation occur during pregnancy?
Why does morning sickness occur? |
|
Definition
Constipation - changes in muscle tone; crowding of intestines
Morning sickness - hormonal changes |
|
|
Term
| Why does GERD occur during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Hormones produced to relax uterus also relax digestive muscles of stomach to cause reflux |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Zn, Fe, B12 and folate needs during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low birth weight & endothelial function? |
|
Definition
| Lower birth rate associated with lower FMD (poorer function) |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of gestational DM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gestational DM and birth weight? |
|
Definition
| Increases risk of high birthweight infant (> 8 lbs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
< 5.5 lbs
(High weight = > 8 lbs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the physically ideal birth age for mother? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are more common in mothers > 35 yrs of age? |
|
Definition
HTN, DM
C section
Birth defects
Low birth weight child |
|
|
Term
| Caffeine consumption during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Recommend to limit to 2 cups per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ND = neurodevelopmental defects in prenatal EtOH exposure
BD = malformations in skeleton or major organ systems |
|
|
Term
| Lead exposure during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
Low birthweight
Delayed mental & psychomotor development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Methyl-Hg
Main target = brain; inhibits neuronal division and migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RfD = estimate of daily exposure to population that is likely to be without appreciable risk of bad effects
mg/kg per day
RfD of Hg = 0.1 ug/kg per day |
|
|
Term
| Immature milk produced = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exclusive breast feeding for _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breast feeding with complementary foods for at least _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infant energy requirements? |
|
Definition
Need 100 kcal/kg of body weight per day
Need feeding every 1-3 hours |
|
|
Term
| How much milk is produced daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most protein in human milk is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunological protection in lactation? |
|
Definition
Maternal antibodies
Oligosaccarides
Bifidus factors (for good lactobacillus)
Lactoferrin
Lactadherin |
|
|
Term
| Function of lactoferrin & lactadherin? |
|
Definition
Lactoferrin - aids in Fe absorption
Lactadherrin - binds virus that causes most infant diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Macronutrient composition of formula? |
|
Definition
49% fat
42% carb
9% protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First 6 months = 330 kcal/day
Next 6 months = 400 kcal/day |
|
|
Term
| Breastfeeding and maternal health? |
|
Definition
Colds - OK
Tb, HIV - NOT OK
DM -monitor |
|
|
