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| four sources or influences for knowledge |
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Definition
| authority, tenacity/traditions, logic and reasoning, scientific research |
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| study of knowledge and how it is generated |
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parents, church, politicians, supervisors
Galileo - challenged church views
may involve specific beliefs based on values or emotions |
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passed from generation to generation
reflects influence of culture
perpetration of myths/wives tales
why ideas persist despite contrary evidence |
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| reasons for persistence of ideas |
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Definition
1. traditional beliefs are comforting and reduce uncertainty
2. traditional beliefs include a sense of control
3. traditional beliefs promote group cohesiveness |
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| use logic to uncover fallacies and examine reasoning |
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accident - general rule to a specific case (from a large group to a small group)
converse accident - generalize to a large group based on a few specific cases |
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| inferring causality on basis of co-occurrence (failure to consider confounds or alternative explanations) |
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| assuming causality from temporal sequencing |
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| systematic process of collecting and analyzing info. in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon |
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| individuals are separate from the external world |
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| knowledge comes from sensing (primarily observing) the external world |
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| knowledge generated empirically is superior to that based on values, beliefs, authority, tenacity |
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| phenomena must be measurable to be studied |
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| elements of the scientific method |
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Definition
| phenomenological, empirical, objective, measurability, heavy emphasis on theory, inductive and deductive |
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Term
goals and activities of research
What are 4 activities researchers may be involved in? |
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Definition
| description (what), explanation (why), prediction, control |
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| a set of statements and propositions about a phenomena |
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| Why are theories important? |
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Definition
-tend to organize knowledge
-help determine variables of interest
-hypotheses |
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| What makes a good theory? |
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Definition
-testable
-specificity
-simplicity
-generalizable - wide application |
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