Term
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Definition
| used to IDENTIFY A HEALTH PROBLEM that may exist; characterizes the amount and distribution of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| follow descriptive studies and are used to IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF THE HEALTH PROBLEM |
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Term
| 3 objectives of descriptive epidemiology |
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Definition
1. evaluate and compare trends in health and disease
2. to provide a basis for planning, provision, and evaluation of health services
3. to identify problems for analytic studies (creation of hypotheses) |
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Term
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Definition
| theories tested by gathering facts that lead to their acceptance or rejection |
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Term
| three types of hypotheses |
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Definition
1. positive declaration (research hypo.)
2. negative declaration (null hypo.)
3. implicit question |
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Term
| Mill's Canons of Inductive Reasoning |
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Definition
1. method of difference
2. method of agreement
3. method of concomitant variation
4. method of residues |
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Term
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Definition
| all the factors in two or more places are the same except for a single factor |
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Term
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Definition
| a single factor is common to a variety of settings (ex.: air pollution) |
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Term
| method of concomitant variation |
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Definition
| the frequency of disease varies according to the potency of the factor |
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Term
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Definition
| involves subtracting potential causal factors to determine which factor(s) have the greatest variation |
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Term
| Method of Analogy (McMahon and Pugh) |
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Definition
-The mode of transmission and symptoms of a disease of unknown etiology bear a pattern similar to that of a known disease.
-This info. suggests similar etiologies for both diseases. |
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Term
| 3 approaches to descriptive epi. |
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Definition
1. case reports (counts)
2. case series - summarize characteristics of patients from major clinical settings
3. cross-sectional studies - surveys of the population to estimate the prevalence of a disease or exposure |
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Term
| trends by age subgroup (childhood, teenage years, adulthood, older adults) |
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Definition
CHILDHOOD: developmental problems
TEENS: unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse
ADULTS: accidental injury, homicide, suicide
OLDER ADULTS: chronic diseases |
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Term
| 5 reasons for age associations |
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Definition
1. validity of diagnoses across the life span
2. multimodality of trends
3. latency effects
4. action of the "human biologic clock"
5. life cycle and behavioral phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| may be affected by classification errors; inaccuracies |
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Term
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Definition
| several peaks and declines in the frequency of diseases at various ages; ex: TB - 2 peaks around 0-4 years (susceptibility to inf. dis.) and 20-29 years (changes from puberty or social interactions); also Hodgkin's disease - bimodal |
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Term
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Definition
| long period of time between environmental exposures and the development of disease; ex: exposure to carcinogens; older people have had a greater opportunity to be exposed to multiple potential carcinogens; syphillis, Parkinson's, CVD |
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Term
| biologic clock phenomenon |
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Definition
| triggering of conditions with a genetic basis; ex: Alzheimer's in the elderly) |
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Term
| What is an important risk factor second only to age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who has higher mortality rates, males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who has higher morbidity rates, males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the leading cause of mortality among women? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is being married a risk factor or a protective factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| marital status as a selective factor |
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Definition
| people who marry may be healthier to begin with |
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Term
| Of all racial groups studied, who had the highest rate of mortality? |
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Definition
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Term
| disparities among african americans |
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Definition
-increased blood pressure levels
-age-adj. death rate 1.3x rate of whites
-LE: white female, black female, white male, black male |
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Term
| disparities in American Indians |
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Definition
-largely behavioral cause of death
-inf. disease 10th leading cause of death
-males 25-34, death rate 6.6x higher than for all races in the US |
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Term
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Definition
-japanese have lower mortality rates
-lower rates of CHD and cancer (b/c of low-fat diets and stress-reducing strategies)
-high rates of TB among Asian/Pac. Islander groups |
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Term
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Definition
modifications that individuals or groups undergo when they come in contact with another country
-provide evidence of the influence of environmental and behavioral factors on chronic disease |
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Term
| salmon bias effect (pg. 167) |
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Definition
| persons who have immigrated to the US may return to original countries where they die, thus becoming "statistically immortal" |
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Term
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Definition
| place of origin of the individual; either foreign born or native born |
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Term
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Definition
| observation that healthier, younger persons usually form the majority of migrants |
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Term
| disease rates among Seventh Day Adventists |
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Definition
| low rates of CHD and low mortality rates from other chronic diseases; lower brood pressures |
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Term
| disease rates among Mormons |
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Definition
| lower incidence and mortality rates due to cancer and other diseases due to restrictions on the intake of coffee, tea, and meats and lifestyle variables related to physical fitness, social support, and a stress-reducing religious ideology |
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Term
| factors contributing to low SES |
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Definition
| poor housing, crowding, racial disadvantages, low income, poor education, and unemployment |
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Term
| variables of social class |
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Definition
| occupational or social position, educational attainment, income |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic changes in the frequency of diseases and health conditions over time |
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Term
| 3 reasons for place variation in disease |
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Definition
1. gene/environment interaction
2. influence of climate
3. environmental factors |
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Term
| determinants of cyclic fluctuation |
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Definition
1. lifestyle of the host
2. seasonal climatic changes
3. virulence of the infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual changes in the frequency of a disease over long time periods |
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Term
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Definition
| unusual aggregation of health events grouped together in space and time |
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Term
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Definition
| ex: post-vax reactions, postpartum depression |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of disease in a specific geog. area |
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