Term
| #1 killer in people under 40 |
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Definition
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Term
| definition of epidemiology |
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Definition
| the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency and injury/disability in human populations |
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Term
| 2 primary concepts of epi |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to study the etiology of diseases, disorders, and disabilities ::: to identify agents associated with diseases :: to assistin the development of health initiatives, services, and programs :: to prevent and control diseases |
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Term
| an event that occurs irregularly or haphazardly is ___. Implications of this? |
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Definition
| sporadic -- harder to control |
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Term
| An ___ is the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a population. AKA? |
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Definition
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Term
| a disease that is constantly present at high incidence or prevalence is a(n) ___ disease. ex? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ diseases are more prevalent in kids than adults. how is this prevented? |
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Definition
| holoendemic -- preventable by vaccines |
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Term
| a __ is an event of acute illness that does not reach pandemic or epidemic distributions. these are very confined. |
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Definition
| outbreak -- usually confined to a school, restaurant, etc. |
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Term
| the CDC defines a foodborne outbreak as __ or more cases |
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Definition
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Term
| how are outbreaks caused? |
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Definition
| usually pathogens or person-to-person contact |
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Term
| in a(n) ____, the number of observed cases in a community, state, or region is greater than the expected number of cases. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 qualities of an epidemic |
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Definition
| the observed cases > expected (endemic) :: covers a geographic region |
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Term
| in a(n) ____, the number of cases observed in a population is greater than the expected number of cases, and a large geographic region is affected (at least 1 whole country) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 fundamental assumptions about disease |
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Definition
| they don't occur at random, they have causal factors which often make them preventable |
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Term
| diseases vary due to what 5 factors? |
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Definition
| culture, society, genetics, environment, determinants |
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Term
| ___ are variables that affect the distribution of a disease. ex? |
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Definition
| determinants -- age, sex, genetics, biology, environment, seasons |
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Term
| ___ tells us how often a disease occurs during a specified period of time and the magnitude of the disease at any given point. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ tells us whether we have an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ prevention involves stopping disease before it happens. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ prevention involves early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ prevention involves reducing the impact of a disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of Prevention - SKIT |
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Definition
| Stop it from happening, Keep It from getting worse, Treat it once it has developed |
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Term
| Examples of primary prevention |
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Definition
| immunization, health promotions, reducing exposure to envirnomental agents |
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Term
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Definition
| hippocrates - observed and described behaviors, linked clean air and water to longevity |
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Term
| ___ was famous for his work involving record keeping and association |
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Definition
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Term
| John Graunt developed the ___ which listed possible causes of death during th eblack plague from the 1600s-1830s. Also coined the terms __ and ___. |
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Definition
| Bills of Mortality -- chronic and acute |
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Term
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Definition
| john snow and ignaz semmelweis |
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Term
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Definition
| everything was transmitted through the air, not bacteria |
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Term
| shoe-leather epidemiology |
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Definition
| procedure of going door-to-door to gather data about a disease |
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Term
| ____ improved hospital hygiene and decreased maternal mortality by having doctors soak their hands in a chlorinated lime solution before delivering babies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| healthy carrier of Salmonella typhi - worked as a cook and transmitted it to lots of people |
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Term
| what time period was a hot bed for public health |
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Definition
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Term
| "modern" epi is considered from ___ on |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency and injury/disability in human peopleuations related to engaging in unhealthy behaviors and making behavioral choices deleterious to one's health |
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Definition
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Term
| behavioral epidemiology came about with the emergence of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Top 5 overall causes of death in US |
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Definition
| heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower resp disease, unintentional injury |
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Term
| 6 steps of an epidemiological study |
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Definition
| determine the magnitude of disease problems in the community, investigate the etiology of diseases and modes of transmission, study the natural history of the disease, develop a prevention program, evaluate new preventative measures and modes of health care delivery, provide a system for implementing environmental regulatory decisions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people who are ill, periods of illness that people experience (incubation period), duration of illness |
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Term
| morbidity is measured by ___ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when do you include a case in the numerator and denominator? |
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Definition
| recurrent cases - the person must become sick, be diagnosed, get better, and then get sick again during the time frame in question |
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Term
| prevalence counts ___, ____, and ___ cases. |
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Definition
| new, existing, and recurring |
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Term
| 4 types of prevalence, varying according to time |
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Definition
| point prevalence, period prevalence, annual prevalence, lifetime prevalence |
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Term
| increased incidence + decreased cure rates + increased survival = ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the ratio of the number of people with a disease during a specified time; similar to a snapshot of the disease in time |
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Definition
| point prevalence rate (PR) |
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Term
| the ratio of the total number of people who had a disease during a specified period within a year |
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Definition
| period prevalence rate (PPR) |
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Term
| the ratio of the total number of persons wtih the disease at any time during a one year period |
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Definition
| annual prevalence rate (APR) |
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Term
| the ratio of the number of people known to have had the disease at least once in their lifetime |
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Definition
| lifetime prevalence rate (LPR) |
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Term
| for lifetime prevalence rates, a lifetime is considered to be __ yrs. Do we count recurrence? |
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Definition
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Term
| prevalence includes incidence |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of ratios used in epi |
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Definition
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Term
| What do death rates tell us? (4 things) |
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Definition
| clues for changes in death patterns, planning for prevention and control strategies, inexpensive method of surveillance (death records), leading causes of death |
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Term
| crude rates allow comparisons between different populations, but fails to show differences between ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| in terms of K, a smaller/larger one indicates a greater risk |
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Definition
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Term
| how can crude rates become specific? |
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Definition
| take into account demographic information - age, sex, geographic location, etc |
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Term
| when interpreting crude rates, dependent variables are always on the _ axis, and independent variables are always on the _ axis |
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Definition
| dependent - y :: independent - x |
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Term
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Definition
| mom dies any time from conception to child is 1 year old |
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Term
| when do most infant deaths occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is a death certificate required? |
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Definition
| 19 weeks after conception |
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Term
| When is a birth certificate filed? |
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Definition
| if the baby takes 1 breath |
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Term
| how is gestational age measured? |
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Definition
| from the end of the last menstrual period |
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Term
| preterm is considered less than __ weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| post term is considered greater than or equal to __ weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the #1 cause of neonatal mortality? |
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Definition
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Term
| __% of all infant deaths occur during the neonatal period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| associated with childbearing and childbirth |
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Term
| WHO standard for maternal mortality |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 subsets of maternal mortality |
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Definition
| direct obstetric deaths - result from obstetric complications during the pregnant state :: indirect obstetric deaths - result from preexisting conditions not associated with direct obstetric cause |
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Term
| 2 weaknesses of the maternal mortality rate |
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Definition
| denominator excludes all pregnancies that do not result in live birth (stillbirths, miscarriages, abortions, etc) :: public health officials debate how long after birth can death be attributed to birth |
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Term
| what is a technical word related to distribution that you must know before you can indicate whether an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic has occurred? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 primary characteristics to indicate that an epidemic has occurred |
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Definition
| observed cases greater than expected (endemic state), need to know size of geographic area affected |
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Term
| 3 preferred epidemiologic terms related to distribution that are important for deciding on intervention |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 1000 new cases of disease X in a state. Is this considered an outbreak, pandemic, or epidemic? |
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Definition
| cannot tell without knowing the endemic state of the disease |
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Term
| 3 factors to consider in making a decision whether a disease is recurrent or not |
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Definition
| nature of the disease, ability to recur, immunity (natural or vaccines) |
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Term
| What 2 pieces of info are required in deciding whether it is necessary or possible to compute a direct SMR? |
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Definition
| confirmation that the sample distributions for each age group is different than the standard population, and age-specific death rates for the disease |
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Term
| rates/ratios/proportions ... numerator and denominator are RELATED |
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Definition
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Term
| rate/ratio/proportion ... numerator and denominator are SEPARATE AND DISTINCT |
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Definition
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Term
| rate/ratio/proportion ... numerator is REPEATED in denominator |
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Definition
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Term
| direct SMR is done between/within populations. indirect is opposite |
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Definition
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Term
| when interpreting indirect SMRs, 100% is the null hypothesis... meaning? |
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Definition
| 100% is the expected deaths... if you get 80%, you're 20% below expected... if you get 120%, you're 20% above expected |
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