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HK 445
N/A
82
Pathology
Undergraduate 4
10/18/2009

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
#1 killer in people under 40
Definition
unintentional injury
Term
definition of epidemiology
Definition
the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency and injury/disability in human populations
Term
2 primary concepts of epi
Definition
prevention and control
Term
4 applications of epi
Definition
to study the etiology of diseases, disorders, and disabilities ::: to identify agents associated with diseases :: to assistin the development of health initiatives, services, and programs :: to prevent and control diseases
Term
an event that occurs irregularly or haphazardly is ___. Implications of this?
Definition
sporadic -- harder to control
Term
An ___ is the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a population. AKA?
Definition
endemic -- steady state
Term
a disease that is constantly present at high incidence or prevalence is a(n) ___ disease. ex?
Definition
hyperendemic - HIV/AIDS
Term
___ diseases are more prevalent in kids than adults. how is this prevented?
Definition
holoendemic -- preventable by vaccines
Term
a __ is an event of acute illness that does not reach pandemic or epidemic distributions. these are very confined.
Definition
outbreak -- usually confined to a school, restaurant, etc.
Term
the CDC defines a foodborne outbreak as __ or more cases
Definition
2
Term
how are outbreaks caused?
Definition
usually pathogens or person-to-person contact
Term
in a(n) ____, the number of observed cases in a community, state, or region is greater than the expected number of cases.
Definition
epidemic
Term
2 qualities of an epidemic
Definition
the observed cases > expected (endemic) :: covers a geographic region
Term
in a(n) ____, the number of cases observed in a population is greater than the expected number of cases, and a large geographic region is affected (at least 1 whole country)
Definition
pandemic
Term
2 fundamental assumptions about disease
Definition
they don't occur at random, they have causal factors which often make them preventable
Term
diseases vary due to what 5 factors?
Definition
culture, society, genetics, environment, determinants
Term
___ are variables that affect the distribution of a disease. ex?
Definition
determinants -- age, sex, genetics, biology, environment, seasons
Term
___ tells us how often a disease occurs during a specified period of time and the magnitude of the disease at any given point.
Definition
frequency
Term
__ tells us whether we have an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic
Definition
frequency
Term
___ prevention involves stopping disease before it happens.
Definition
primary
Term
___ prevention involves early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications
Definition
secondary
Term
___ prevention involves reducing the impact of a disease.
Definition
tertiary
Term
Levels of Prevention - SKIT
Definition
Stop it from happening, Keep It from getting worse, Treat it once it has developed
Term
Examples of primary prevention
Definition
immunization, health promotions, reducing exposure to envirnomental agents
Term
first epidemiologist
Definition
hippocrates - observed and described behaviors, linked clean air and water to longevity
Term
___ was famous for his work involving record keeping and association
Definition
john graunt
Term
John Graunt developed the ___ which listed possible causes of death during th eblack plague from the 1600s-1830s. Also coined the terms __ and ___.
Definition
Bills of Mortality -- chronic and acute
Term
2 founders of modern epi
Definition
john snow and ignaz semmelweis
Term
miasma theory
Definition
everything was transmitted through the air, not bacteria
Term
shoe-leather epidemiology
Definition
procedure of going door-to-door to gather data about a disease
Term
____ improved hospital hygiene and decreased maternal mortality by having doctors soak their hands in a chlorinated lime solution before delivering babies
Definition
ignaz semmelweis
Term
typoid mary
Definition
healthy carrier of Salmonella typhi - worked as a cook and transmitted it to lots of people
Term
what time period was a hot bed for public health
Definition
1840s-1870s
Term
"modern" epi is considered from ___ on
Definition
1960
Term
index case
Definition
1st case of a disease
Term
the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency and injury/disability in human peopleuations related to engaging in unhealthy behaviors and making behavioral choices deleterious to one's health
Definition
behavioral epidemiology
Term
behavioral epidemiology came about with the emergence of ___
Definition
AIDS
Term
Top 5 overall causes of death in US
Definition
heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower resp disease, unintentional injury
Term
6 steps of an epidemiological study
Definition
determine the magnitude of disease problems in the community, investigate the etiology of diseases and modes of transmission, study the natural history of the disease, develop a prevention program, evaluate new preventative measures and modes of health care delivery, provide a system for implementing environmental regulatory decisions
Term
morbidity and mortality
Definition
illness and death
Term
3 units of morbidity
Definition
people who are ill, periods of illness that people experience (incubation period), duration of illness
Term
morbidity is measured by ___ and ____
Definition
incidence and prevalence
Term
when do you include a case in the numerator and denominator?
Definition
recurrent cases - the person must become sick, be diagnosed, get better, and then get sick again during the time frame in question
Term
prevalence counts ___, ____, and ___ cases.
Definition
new, existing, and recurring
Term
4 types of prevalence, varying according to time
Definition
point prevalence, period prevalence, annual prevalence, lifetime prevalence
Term
increased incidence + decreased cure rates + increased survival = ?
Definition
increased prevalence
Term
the ratio of the number of people with a disease during a specified time; similar to a snapshot of the disease in time
Definition
point prevalence rate (PR)
Term
the ratio of the total number of people who had a disease during a specified period within a year
Definition
period prevalence rate (PPR)
Term
the ratio of the total number of persons wtih the disease at any time during a one year period
Definition
annual prevalence rate (APR)
Term
the ratio of the number of people known to have had the disease at least once in their lifetime
Definition
lifetime prevalence rate (LPR)
Term
for lifetime prevalence rates, a lifetime is considered to be __ yrs. Do we count recurrence?
Definition
65 - no
Term
prevalence includes incidence
Definition
Term
3 types of ratios used in epi
Definition
rate, ratio, proportion
Term
What do death rates tell us? (4 things)
Definition
clues for changes in death patterns, planning for prevention and control strategies, inexpensive method of surveillance (death records), leading causes of death
Term
crude rates allow comparisons between different populations, but fails to show differences between ___
Definition
subgroups
Term
in terms of K, a smaller/larger one indicates a greater risk
Definition
smaller
Term
how can crude rates become specific?
Definition
take into account demographic information - age, sex, geographic location, etc
Term
when interpreting crude rates, dependent variables are always on the _ axis, and independent variables are always on the _ axis
Definition
dependent - y :: independent - x
Term
maternal mortality
Definition
mom dies any time from conception to child is 1 year old
Term
when do most infant deaths occur?
Definition
1st day/week after birth
Term
When is a death certificate required?
Definition
19 weeks after conception
Term
When is a birth certificate filed?
Definition
if the baby takes 1 breath
Term
how is gestational age measured?
Definition
from the end of the last menstrual period
Term
preterm is considered less than __ weeks
Definition
37
Term
post term is considered greater than or equal to __ weeks
Definition
42
Term
what is the #1 cause of neonatal mortality?
Definition
low birth weight
Term
__% of all infant deaths occur during the neonatal period
Definition
37%
Term
puerperal
Definition
associated with childbearing and childbirth
Term
WHO standard for maternal mortality
Definition
42 days after birth
Term
2 subsets of maternal mortality
Definition
direct obstetric deaths - result from obstetric complications during the pregnant state :: indirect obstetric deaths - result from preexisting conditions not associated with direct obstetric cause
Term
2 weaknesses of the maternal mortality rate
Definition
denominator excludes all pregnancies that do not result in live birth (stillbirths, miscarriages, abortions, etc) :: public health officials debate how long after birth can death be attributed to birth
Term
what is a technical word related to distribution that you must know before you can indicate whether an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic has occurred?
Definition
endemic state
Term
2 primary characteristics to indicate that an epidemic has occurred
Definition
observed cases greater than expected (endemic state), need to know size of geographic area affected
Term
3 preferred epidemiologic terms related to distribution that are important for deciding on intervention
Definition
person, place, time
Term
There are 1000 new cases of disease X in a state. Is this considered an outbreak, pandemic, or epidemic?
Definition
cannot tell without knowing the endemic state of the disease
Term
3 factors to consider in making a decision whether a disease is recurrent or not
Definition
nature of the disease, ability to recur, immunity (natural or vaccines)
Term
What 2 pieces of info are required in deciding whether it is necessary or possible to compute a direct SMR?
Definition
confirmation that the sample distributions for each age group is different than the standard population, and age-specific death rates for the disease
Term
rates/ratios/proportions ... numerator and denominator are RELATED
Definition
rates
Term
rate/ratio/proportion ... numerator and denominator are SEPARATE AND DISTINCT
Definition
ratio
Term
rate/ratio/proportion ... numerator is REPEATED in denominator
Definition
proportion
Term
direct SMR is done between/within populations. indirect is opposite
Definition
between
Term
when interpreting indirect SMRs, 100% is the null hypothesis... meaning?
Definition
100% is the expected deaths... if you get 80%, you're 20% below expected... if you get 120%, you're 20% above expected
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