Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells that coordinate the immune response to infections |
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Term
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Definition
| via blood, semen, or vaginal secretions |
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Term
| what isthe mst common way that HIV is transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the point when an infected person goes from being negative to a positive |
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Term
| how fast does seroconversion happen/ |
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Definition
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Term
| what other cells does HIV attack/ |
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Definition
| dendritic cells and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize foriegn antigens, activate b lymphocytes, destruction of viruses's |
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Term
| where does HIV carry it's genetic information? |
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Definition
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Term
| what antibodies are used for screening for HIV? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many steps are in the replication of HIV/ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involves the binding of the CD4T cell. it must attach! |
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Term
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Definition
| internalization of the virus. the viral envelope fuses to the CD4T cell and fuses |
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Term
| after fusion of the virus to the CD4T cell, what must occur? |
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Definition
| uncoating must occur,where the virus spills all it's DNA into the CD4T cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV changes in RNA into DNA using reverse transcriptase enzyme. results in double stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| integration:new DNA enters nucleus of CD4T cell and replaces its DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription of DNA to form mRNA. rRNA tells mRNA to make polyproteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage: the protease enzyme cuts the polyprotein chain into single proteins |
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Term
| in step 7 HIV makes single proteins, why is this important |
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Definition
| because they will make up the new virus's. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins and viral RNA are mase into new HIV virus's and released from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| by interupting the 8 steps of HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| the new HIV that was made in the CD4T cells and release to furthur infect cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people who are asymptomiatic |
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Term
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Definition
| people with immune deficiency that isn't serious enough to be AIDS |
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Term
| what does it take to be diagnoses with AIDS? |
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Definition
| being a category C and/or category 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| fever, chills, sore throat, night sweats, GI problems, rash, headache |
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Term
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Definition
| phase over 20 years or so where HIV is dividing and CD4T cells are going down |
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Term
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Definition
phase of AIDS. CD4T counts less than
200/ uL |
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Term
| what can cause pneumonia for aids patients? |
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Definition
| p. jiroveci. alveoli become filled with protein rich fluid |
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Term
| PCP (p.jiroveci pneumonia) |
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Definition
| mild cough, shortness of breath,weight loss, fever, tachypnea, normal breath sound |
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Term
| what GI problems do they get? |
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Definition
| diarrhea, herpes simplex, esophagitis, ulcers, and dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| mild diarrhea, weight loss, electrolyte loss, hedydration, and malabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite affects CNS.seizures, headaches, fever, confusion, neuro changes, lethargy |
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Term
| progressive multifocal leukoencephaly |
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Definition
| demyelenating disease of brain by attacking oligodendrocytes. |
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Term
| what are symptoms of PML? |
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Definition
| limb weakness,visual disturbances,diplopia, seizures, ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
| malignancy of endothelial cells. can cause bleeding and obstruction. |
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Term
| kaposi sarcoma continued... |
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Definition
| panless at the begining, dyspnea, hemopytsis, can be slow or rapid |
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Term
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Definition
| fever, night sweats, weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary weight loss of 10%. diarrhea, weakness, fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in abdominal girth, buffalo hump, wasting of fat on face, breast enlargement. |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause nausea, vomiting, altered liver function, abdominal pain, lactic acidosis. |
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Term
| when is a western blot assay done? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more specific than EIA. looks for precense of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| a difficiency in leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| originate from the bone marrow |
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Term
| t cells diffentiate into..? |
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Definition
| cd4t cells(immune response) and cd8+ cytotoxic cells (cell mediated response) |
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Term
| b lymphocytes differentiate to form? |
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Definition
| immunoglobulin producing plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a monoblast forms into a promonoblast into...? |
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Definition
| monocytes that can eventually become a macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes that can become plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| neoplastic lymphoid cells that are tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| b or t cell neoplasms. etiology unknown |
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Term
| t or f: b cells tend to go to the part of the lymph node with b cells? |
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Definition
| true! the same for t cells |
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Term
| what makes non hogkins lymphoma characteristic? |
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Definition
| we can predict how it spreads by knowing where B and T cells go in the lymph node |
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Term
| how does the WHO classify cancer? |
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Definition
| cell types-B or T cell, level of maturation, and anatomic sites (stomach etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| most common is follicular lymphomas |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from germinal b cell centers and consist of centoblasts/centrocytes |
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Term
| follicular lymphomas commonly affect the? |
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Definition
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Term
| overtime, what will a follicular lymphoma develop into? |
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Definition
| diffuse large b cell lymphoma |
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Term
| diffuse large b cell lymphomas |
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Definition
| aggressive germinal or post germinal neoplasm |
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Term
| what do we think can cause diffuse large b cell lymphomas? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or f: diffuse large b cell lymphomas are NOT usually fatal |
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Definition
| FALSE! they are very fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| most common childhood cancer in central africa |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the msot rapidly growing tumors, a tumor of the germinal center B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| origin in the naive B cell. mature from Ig to IgM and IgD which turn into mantle cancer |
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Term
| what age do we find mantle cell lymphoma in? |
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Definition
| the elderly. short life span once diagnosed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the bone marrow. late stage cancer has night sweats and weight loss |
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Term
| how do we diagnos a NHL (non hodkins lymphoma?) |
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Definition
| a lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopy, Ct scans, bone scans |
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Term
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Definition
| a lymphoma that has an abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. |
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Term
| HL usually arises from...? |
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Definition
| a single node or chain of nodes |
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Term
| the WHO classifies HL into 2 types, what are they? |
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Definition
| nodular lymphocyte HL and classic HL |
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Term
| nodular lymphocyte predominate HL |
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Definition
| rare, only a couple reed-sternburg cells. slow progressive course with high survival rate |
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Term
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Definition
| multinucleated reed-sternburg cells. most common, common in women |
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Term
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Definition
| painless lymph enlargement. chest discomfort, dyspnea... |
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Term
| manifestations of HL continued... |
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Definition
| fevers, chills, night sweats, weight loss, pruritis, fatigue, and anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| we stage it based on the number of lymph nodes involved |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant neoplasms of the cells orginally derived from hematopoietic precurser cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bone marrow is replaced with immature neoplasic cells. leukemic cells spill into the blood |
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Term
| leukemia is found common with what patients? |
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Definition
| the adult is 10 times more likely to get it. |
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Term
| how are leukemias classified? |
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Definition
| lymphocytic or myelocytic |
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Term
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Definition
| involve immature lymphocytes that start at the bone marrow but spread to spleen etc |
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Term
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Definition
| pluripotent myeloid stem cells in boen cell that stop maturation of all blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cancers of the hematopoitic progenitor cells. sudden onset. 2 types |
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Term
| what are the two types of acute leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common. neoplasm of pre B or pre T lymphocytes. changes in the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| neoplasm that affects the myeloid precurser cells in the bone marrow.genetic alterations |
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Term
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Definition
| supression of progenitor cells--anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| ALL and AML manifestations |
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Definition
| fatigue, anemia, night sweats, low grade fever, weight loss, bleeding, bone pain |
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Term
| ALL and AML manifestations continued... |
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Definition
| infection risks, infiltration of mouth with cancer cells, leukostasis, hyperuricemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition where the circulating blast count is elevated. increased blood viscosity |
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Term
|
Definition
| blocks pulmonary vessels, lead to rupture, and infiltrate lungs causing dsypnea |
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Term
|
Definition
| result of increased breakdown of purine nucleotides that results from chemotherapy |
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Term
| how is acute leukemia diagnosed? |
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Definition
| based on blood and bone marrow studies. lab will have immature wbc and anemia |
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Term
| in ALL we also include what for diagnosing? |
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Definition
| a lumbar puncture to assess CNS involvement |
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Term
| what is the treatment of ALL and AML? |
|
Definition
| induction therapy, intensification therapy, and maintenance therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| produces a furthur reduction in leukocytes cells afte remission is achieved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of induction therpy? |
|
Definition
| production of severe bone marrow recovery with destruction of leukemic progenitor cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| massive necrosis of malignant cells, it can be very life threatening. |
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Term
| tumor lysis sydrome can cause? |
|
Definition
| hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia,hypocalcemia, acidosis, acute renal failure |
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Term
| what do we use inductive therapy on? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when do we use bone marrow or stem cell transplantation for? |
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Definition
| those who have failed to respond to other forms of therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes. zeta proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow infiltration and lymphoid tissue by neoplastic lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lymph nodes gradually increase in size |
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|
Term
| the diagnostic hallmark for CLL is...? |
|
Definition
| isolate lymphocytosis of greater than 20,000 ul to several hundred thousand |
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Term
| chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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Definition
| a disorder of the pluripotent hematopietic progenitor cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes |
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|
Term
| what are the 3 phases of CML? |
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Definition
| a long chronic phase,a short accelerated phase, and a terminal blast crisis phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| is slow with weakness and weight loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| has anemia,weakness, dyspnea, |
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Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of spleen, increased basophils counts,night sweats,bone pain, weight loss |
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Term
| terminal blast crisis phase of CML represents...? |
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Definition
| the evolution to acute leukopenia with increasing blast cells in the blood |
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Term
| a diagnostic feature of CML |
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Definition
| an elevated wbc of 150,000/uL |
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|
Term
| what is the goal of treatment? |
|
Definition
| elimination of philadelphia chromosomes from bone marrow and good blood counts |
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|
Term
| what is the only treatment for CML? |
|
Definition
| allogenic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a b cell malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| how do we get multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
| unknown. could be bc of chronic immune stimulation, autoimmune disorders |
|
|
Term
| how do we get multiple myeloma continued... |
|
Definition
| ionizing radiaton,exposure to aspestos |
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|
Term
| multiple myeloma is characterized by? |
|
Definition
| proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow with bone lesions |
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|
Term
| multiple myeloma is associated with...? |
|
Definition
| chromosomal anomalies. induction of angiogenesis. no more cell mediated immunity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| has a spike in 'M' protein. has the development of bony lesions |
|
|
Term
| what are the main sites of multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
| bones & bone marrow. there is activation of osteoclasts causes bone reabsorbtion |
|
|
Term
| increased bone reabsorbtion causes? |
|
Definition
| fractures and hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| paraproteins secreted by plasma cells cause...? |
|
Definition
| hyperviscosity of body fluid that may break down into amyloid. |
|
|
Term
| malignant plasma cells can form... |
|
Definition
| plasmacytosis (plasma cell tumors) in the bone and soft tissue. common at GI |
|
|
Term
| bone pain is the first symptom of...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow plasmacytosis (more than 10 %), precense of bence jones proteins |
|
|
Term
| diagnosing multiple myelinoma's continued... |
|
Definition
| anemia, lytic bone lesions, M proteins, blood test, bone marrow test |
|
|
Term
| how do we treat multiple myelinoma? |
|
Definition
| thalidomide is an active part of treatment |
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