Term
electrolyte homeostasis
osmoregulation
acid-base balance
secretory fxn of waste products (metabolized stuff & drugs) |
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Definition
| What is the system responsible for? (what are it's funcitons?) |
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Term
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Definition
| what are the main toxic & metabolic waste products the urinary system excretes? |
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Term
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Definition
| what are the 2 main nitrogen containing compounds excreted that result from protein metabolism? |
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Term
blood urea nitrogen
measures nitrogen: urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia |
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Definition
| what does BUN stand for? what does it measure? |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ of the kidney contains mostly nephrons and convoluted tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| the ___ of the kidney contains mostly loops of Henle and collecting ducts |
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Term
| urothelium (transitional epithelium) |
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Definition
| unique to urinary tract, has varying numbers of layers of stratified, to cuboidal, to polygonal shape |
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Term
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Definition
| scalloped edge of urpthelium |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is highly distensibile to allow for changing urine volumes |
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Term
| urothelium (transitional) |
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Definition
| what kind of "-thelia" lines the renal calyx? |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| how many nephrons does each kidney have? |
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Term
| nephrogenic blastoma part of the developing urogenital ridge |
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Definition
| what embryonic tissue are nephrons derived from? |
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Term
nephron type is based on their location in the cortex
1) cortical/subcapsular
2) juxtamedullary
3) intermediate |
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Definition
| what are the 3 types of nephrons? what distinguishes one type of nephron from another? |
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Term
| coritcal or subcapsular nephrons |
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Definition
| nephrons located in the outer rim of the cortex, have short loops of henle |
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Term
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Definition
| nephrons adjacent to medulla, have long loops of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| nephons in middle of cortex; have intermediate length loops of Henle |
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Term
| renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
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Definition
| list the two MAJOR components of th enephron |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the nephron that filters blood plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the nephron that collects filtrate |
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Term
| Bowman's capsule & golmerulus |
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Definition
| list the 2 components of the renal corpuscle |
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Term
| capsule (parietal layer or Bowman's capsule) |
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Definition
| single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane that forms the hollow dilated end of the collecting tubule, surrounding glomerulus |
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Term
| they are highly modified, called podocytes |
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Definition
| describe the cells of the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| Bowman's space - collects glomerular filtrate and empties into renal tubule |
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Definition
| name the space between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule. What does this space do, and where does it empty? |
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Term
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Definition
| network of densely packed, anastamosing, fenestrated capillaries in the nephron |
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Term
| afferent and efferent arterioles (NO VEINS HERE) |
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Definition
| what kind of vessels supply/drain the glomerulus? |
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Term
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Definition
| when blood plasma passes through several cell layers and becomes water and small molecular weight molecules (filtered from the blood into Bowman's space), what is it called? |
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Term
| capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane |
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Definition
| what is the first layer of cells the blood plasma passes through to get into Bowman's space from the afferent arteriole? |
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Term
it is negatively charged due to a surface layer of the glycoprotein podocalyxin which sets up a negatively charged barrier that prevents loss of anions and large protein molecules
(this keeps the blood proteins from getting filtered out) |
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Definition
| what is special about the luminal surface of the capillary endothelium in the first layer of the glomerulus? |
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Term
| serves as a physical barrier and ion selective filter |
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Definition
| what does the glomerular basement membrane do? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the second layer of cells that the blood plasma passes through from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's space? |
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Term
foot processes
There are primary foot processes that give off secondary foot processes with even smaller pedicles |
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Definition
| that are the cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes called? how are they arranged? |
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Term
filtration slits (uniform 25-45 nm in diameter)
these are like a mesh barrier |
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Definition
| what are the spaces between the pedicles of podocytes called? how big are they? |
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Term
| slit diaphragms made of the protein NEPHRIN |
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Definition
| what is found within the filtration slits that act like a lint trap in a dryer? |
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Term
| nephrin protein molecules that form the slit diaphragm |
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Definition
| acts as an additional barrier that functions to restrict passage of large macromolecules (MW 69K), proteins, negatively charge molecules, and blood cells |
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Term
| podocytes have a phagocytic function and can remove trapped macromolecules |
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Definition
| what cleans the slit diaphragm "lint trap"? |
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Term
| ultrafiltrate-goes to the renal tubule |
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Definition
| what is filtrate called once it gets past the podocyte barrier? where does it go next? |
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Term
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Definition
| how long is a human renal tubule? |
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Term
1) proximal convoluted tubule
2) loop of Henle
3) distal convoluted tubule
4) collecting tubule/duct |
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Definition
| what are the 4 zones of the renal tubule? |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
| what lines the renal tubule? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the normal glomerular filtration rate? |
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Term
1) selective resorbtion of water, inorganic ions (Na and bicarb) & large molecules (AA's, proteins, glucose) from glomerular filtrate
2) concentration of waste products (urea, creatinine, excess H+, & K+) |
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Definition
| what are the primary functions of the renal tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| where are proximal convoluted tubules confined to? |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
primary site of water resorption in the nephron, resorbs 75% of water and ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate
also resorbs all proteins, AA's & sugars |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli (the brush border) which is characteristic of the PCT |
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Definition
| describe what lines the proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| PCT has microvilli, but if not you will see the pink sloughed off microvilli (They are fragile and fall off in processing) |
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Definition
| looking in a microscope how do you tell the PCT from the DCT? |
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Term
1) pars recta (thick descending limb)
2) thin descending limb
3) thin ascending limb
4) thick ascending limb |
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Definition
| list the 4 parts of the loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| where does most of the loop of Henle go? |
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Term
long in juxtamedullary
short in cortical |
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Definition
| thin descending/ascending limbs of the loop of Henle are ____ in juxtamedullary nephrons and _____ in cortical nephrons |
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Term
to generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla via Na-K+ pumps in thick ascending limb
(called the cortico-medullary interstitial gradient) |
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Definition
| what is the function of the loop of Henle? |
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Term
| the peritubular capillary network |
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Definition
| what is CLOSELY associated with the vasa recta in the loop of Henle? |
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Term
| the counter current (exchange) multiplier system of urine concentration |
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Definition
| what results in the production of hypertonic urine? |
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Term
thin-simple squamous epithelium
thick-simple cuboidal
pars recta (thick descending limb) - has the brush border of apical microvilli like the PCT |
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Definition
| what lines the thin limb of the loop of Henle? the thick limbs? what is special about the pars recta? |
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Term
| distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Definition
| continuation of thick ascending loop of Henle, present within the cortex |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium with short apical microvilli but LACKS DISTINCT BRUSH BORDER |
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Definition
| what lines the distal convoluted tubule? |
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Term
| actively resorbs Na+ & Cl- and secretes K+ & H+ |
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Definition
| what is the function of the distal convoluted tubule? |
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Term
| principle cells and intercalated cells |
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Definition
| what cells control the distal convoluted tubule? |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the DCT that resorb Na & water and secrete K+ |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the DCT that resorb K+ and secrete H+ |
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Term
| aldosterone, an adrenal mineralocorticoid |
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Definition
| what controls the resorption in the DCT? |
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Term
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Definition
| at the terminal part of the nephron where several tubules converge |
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Term
| thick, simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| what lines collecting tubules? |
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Term
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Definition
| where collecting tubules converge |
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Term
| Na+ resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, K+ secretion and resorption |
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Definition
| what is the function of collecting tubules? |
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Term
| the DCT and the collecting tubule |
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Definition
| where are principle and intercalated cells found? |
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Term
| not normally, but with ADH(vasopressin) they become permeable and resorb water |
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Definition
| are the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts able permeable to water? explain what would change this |
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Term
it makes them more permeable to water, so more concentrated urine is excreted
antidiuretics make you conserve water and prevent pee |
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Definition
| what does vasopressin do to the collecting duct cells? |
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Term
| PCT is 2X longer and more convoluted, most tubules in the cortex are PCTs |
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Definition
| which tubule is longer? PCT or DCT, which is more convoluted? which kind of tubule are most tubules in the cortex? |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
this structure is a combined baroreceptor and chemoreceptor that is located in a specialized region of the afferent arteriloe and DCT.
It is used to regulate systemic BP via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Term
1) macula densa
2) juxtaglomerular cells
3) extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Definition
| what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Term
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Definition
thickened region on one side of the DCT, contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells
CHEMORECEPTOR sensitive to changes in Sodium in the filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole
-cells act as BARORECEPTORS and detect changes in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| these cells produce renin in response to low blood pressure |
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Term
| extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Definition
| aka Goormaghtigh cells or Lacis cells |
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Term
| EXTRAglomerular mesangial cells |
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Definition
| flattened cells with extensive cytoplasmic processes. have an unclear function, but provide structural support and phagocytosis. MAY assist in tubular glomerular feedback by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to GLOMERULAR mesangial cells |
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Term
| decreased BP -> decreased GFR -> decreased Na+ in DCT |
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Definition
| what does a decrease in blood pressure do to GFR? what does this do to sodium concentration in the DCT (macula densa) |
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Term
| causes release of renin from JG cells in affarent arteriole .... ->vasoconstriction and increased BP |
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Definition
| what does decreased BP do to juxtaglomerular cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| where is the macula densa found? |
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Term
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Definition
| where are juxtaglomerular cells found? |
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Term
1) vasoconstriciton (increases BP)
2) release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa causes sodium and H2O resorption in DCT (increase BP)
3) ADH secreted from post. petuitary -> increased H2O absorption from DCT (increases BP) |
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Definition
| what are the 3 ways Angiotensin 2 affects blood pressure? |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, preventing an increase in BP |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
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Term
transitional epithelium
thick, fibroelastic lamina propria |
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Definition
| what lines ureters? what is special about the lamina propria? |
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Term
1) inner longitudinal
2) outer circular
3) outermost longitudinal (only in distal 1/3 of ureter) also bladder has elastic fibers mixed in this layer |
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Definition
| what are the 3 muscle layers of the muscularis externa in the ureter? the bladder? |
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Term
yes, it is made of fibroelastic CT
the bladder does too |
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Definition
| do ureters have a layer of adventitia? does the bladder? |
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Term
| urothelium (transitional epithelium) just like the ureters with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what is the triangle shaped region of the bladder where tube go in and out? |
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Term
| the internal sphincter made of smooth muscle |
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Definition
| what surrounds the urethra near the bladder? |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers urine from bladder to outside world |
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Term
females: 3-5 cm
males: 20 cm |
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Definition
| how long is the urethra in females? in males? |
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Term
| stratified/pseudostratified columnar epithelium (occasionally squamous due to distension) with paraurethral mucus glands |
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Definition
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Term
| paraurethral mucus glands excrete mucus |
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Definition
| what prevents damage to the urethra from toxic/abrasive chemicals and compounds excreted? |
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Term
prostatic-TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM like bladder
membranous-columnar
spongy(penile)- columnar |
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Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the male urethra? describe the epithelium ofeach part |
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Term
| females have a shorter urethra, and the bacteria are like salmon and get tired of swimming after a while, so males are protected for the most part |
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Definition
| why are females more susceptible to bladder infections? |
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Term
| bacterial infection called cystitis or pyelonephritis |
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Definition
| what causes an increase in WBC's, RBC's. and bacteria in the urine, diagnosed by a urine culture? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| albumin (remember it is responsible for colloid osmotic pressure because it is so abundant) |
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Definition
| what protein is excreted usually in proteinuria? |
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Term
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Definition
| when does glucosuria often occur? |
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Term
| different drug metabolites may precipitate as different crystals in the urine |
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Definition
| what is the basis of drug testing? |
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Term
| diabetes insipidus -this is due to an ADH insufficiency which creates a high volume of dilute(hypotonic) urine |
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Definition
PU(polyuria) + PD(polydypsia) => ?
what causes this? |
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Term
nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis
--both genetic and dietary |
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Definition
| what is it called when a crystal/stone forms creating a urinary calculi? is this caused by genetic or dietary factors? |
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Term
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Definition
| what are 80% of urinary stones made of? |
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Term
it can lodge in the renal pelvis, ureters, or urethra and cause pain
hydronephrosis or hydroureter can occur
hydronephrosis: backs up in renal tubules -> glmoeruli die -> lose kidney function |
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Definition
| what can be a complication of nephro/urolithiasis? |
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Term
| anemia and kidney stones because it had tannins in it |
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Definition
| what does drinking too much iced-tea cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| what measures renal function and is an indirect measure of renal disease? |
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Term
| when 75% of the functional nephrons are lost, basically you are well on your way to renal failure and it cannot be fixed so you need dialysis, or you can become uremic if you don't get out the nitrogen |
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Definition
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