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History of the Development of Psych 1
Hinson's first test
66
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/03/2013

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Term
epistemology
Definition
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It questions what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and the possible extent a given subject or entity can be known.
Term
Pythagoreanism
Definition
The system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagorean cult, who were considerably influenced by mathematics.
Term
atomic theory
Definition
knowledge is composed of atoms and can be blocked from making impressions
Term
Sophism
Definition
Skeptical relativistic approach to knowledge
Term
Platonic dialogue
Definition
Rational examination and analysis of concepts. Removal of non-essential aspects to understand the essence of the concept.
Term
paradox of knowledge
Definition
"How do you recognize something if you don't know what it is?"
Term
hedonism
Definition
A school of thought that argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good
Term
rational enlightenment
Definition
an achieved state of knowledge
Term
allegory of the cave
Definition
Philosophers are "chained to the wall" witnessing "shadows" but are freed by knowledge
Term
Platonic forms
Definition
Asserts that non-material abstract forms (or ideas) possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality.
Term
Aristotelian causality
Definition
To understand anything you must understand what causes it to be and what causes it to change.
Term
material cause
Definition
What "it" is made of
Term
formal cause
Definition
The way in which "it" is arranged
Term
efficient cause
Definition
Primary agent of change (hand drops watch, hand releasing is the efficient cause)
Term
final cause
Definition
Teleology: the purpose, end, aim, or goal of something
Term
teleological theory
Definition
The purpose, end, aim, or goal of something
Term
sensitive soul
Definition
Experience is obtained by the senses, memory is based on repetition and organization
Term
rational soul
Definition
Acts upon experience, capable of though and reflection
Term
Patristic era
Definition
Derived from Christian philosophy and Platonic system. Believed in idealism and the transmigration of the soul (Christian soul)
Term
grace
Definition
The blessings that come from above regardless of merit.
Term
free will
Definition
Do what you want!
Term
Scholasticism
Definition
Teaching the known rather than seeking the new
Term
deductive method
Definition
The process of reasoning from general statements to reach a logically certain conclusion
Term
inductive method
Definition
Constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples
Term
Occam’s razor
Definition
Among competing hypotheses, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be selected.
Term
scientific method
Definition
Techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence.
Term
radical doubt
Definition
The act of doubting even the most basic of assumptions
Term
innate ideas
Definition
Original properties of the mind
Term
interactive dualism
Definition
The mind controls the body, but the body can also influence the otherwise rational mind
Term
reflex theory
Definition
External stimuli can trigger internal mechanisms
Term
animal spirits
Definition
The fluid that Descartes believed flooded into the nerves to produce a hydraulic response in the body
Term
hydraulic automaton
Definition
A self-operating machine
Term
dioptric
Definition
The study of the refraction of light, especially by lenses
Term
Empiricism
Definition
Knowledge is based on experience
Term
tabula rasa
Definition
born as blank slate
Term
Molyneux problem
Definition
"If a man born blind can feel the differences between shapes such as spheres and cubes, could he similarly distinguish those objects by sight if given the ability to see?"
Term
intuitive knowledge
Definition
Based on our intuitive understanding
Term
demonstrative knowledge
Definition
Knowledge based on logical deduction, like God
Term
sensitive knowledge
Definition
Based on our interaction with real objects
Term
primary qualities
Definition
Direct resemblance, objective properties
Term
secondary qualities
Definition
No direct resemblance, subjective properties
Term
association of ideas
Definition
Explanations about the conditions under which representations arise in consciousness
Term
monad
Definition
Leibniz's theory that all life is made up of a hierarchy of monads
Term
psychophysical parallelism
Definition
Mental and bodily experiences occur in tandem with each other, but without any type of causal interaction
Term
minute perception
Definition
The lowest level of perception, subconsciousness recongintion
Term
apperception
Definition
Rational monad has an ongoing sense of self
Term
metaphor of the clocks
Definition
Leibniz's metaphor for non-interactive dualism
Term
analogy of the mill
Definition
Leibniz's analogy to show that even if you could see every physical aspect of something, you can't understand its internal processes. Goals, motives etc.
Term
vitalism
Definition
Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element
Term
doctrine of specific nerve energies
Definition
The nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried.
Term
mechanistic philosophy
Definition
The belief that natural wholes are like complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other.
Term
Bell-Magendie law
Definition
Sensory and motor speed can be measured
Term
perceptual adaptation
Definition
The means by which the brain accounts for the differences that the subject may witness, particularly alterations in the visual field.
Term
unconscious inference
Definition
A matter of making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences
Term
unconscious conclusion
Definition
A matter of making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences
Term
psychophysics
Definition
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect
Term
double aspect theory
Definition
The view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on, the same substance
Term
panpsychism
Definition
The view that all matter has a mental aspect, or, alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view.
Term
Weber fraction
Definition
k=^R/R
Recognition of change in stimulation
Term
limen
Definition
A threshold of a physiological or psychological response
Term
just noticeable difference
Definition
The smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of a particular sensory stimulus
Term
Fechner’s law
Definition
S=k log R
Basic equation that described the relation between physical changes and mental changes
Term
psychophysical methods
Definition
Method of limits, method of constant stimuli, and method of adjustment
Term
experimental self-observation
Definition
Formal introspection
Term
introspection
Definition
Wundt's method for analyzing the constituents of the mind
Term
Volkerpsychologie
Definition
A non-lab approach to cultural studies
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