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| The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It questions what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and the possible extent a given subject or entity can be known. |
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| The system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagorean cult, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. |
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| knowledge is composed of atoms and can be blocked from making impressions |
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| Skeptical relativistic approach to knowledge |
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| Rational examination and analysis of concepts. Removal of non-essential aspects to understand the essence of the concept. |
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| "How do you recognize something if you don't know what it is?" |
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| A school of thought that argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good |
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| an achieved state of knowledge |
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| Philosophers are "chained to the wall" witnessing "shadows" but are freed by knowledge |
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| Asserts that non-material abstract forms (or ideas) possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. |
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| To understand anything you must understand what causes it to be and what causes it to change. |
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| The way in which "it" is arranged |
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| Primary agent of change (hand drops watch, hand releasing is the efficient cause) |
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| Teleology: the purpose, end, aim, or goal of something |
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| The purpose, end, aim, or goal of something |
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| Experience is obtained by the senses, memory is based on repetition and organization |
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| Acts upon experience, capable of though and reflection |
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| Derived from Christian philosophy and Platonic system. Believed in idealism and the transmigration of the soul (Christian soul) |
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| The blessings that come from above regardless of merit. |
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| Teaching the known rather than seeking the new |
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| The process of reasoning from general statements to reach a logically certain conclusion |
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| Constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples |
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| Among competing hypotheses, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be selected. |
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| Techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence. |
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| The act of doubting even the most basic of assumptions |
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| Original properties of the mind |
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| The mind controls the body, but the body can also influence the otherwise rational mind |
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| External stimuli can trigger internal mechanisms |
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| The fluid that Descartes believed flooded into the nerves to produce a hydraulic response in the body |
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| The study of the refraction of light, especially by lenses |
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| Knowledge is based on experience |
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| "If a man born blind can feel the differences between shapes such as spheres and cubes, could he similarly distinguish those objects by sight if given the ability to see?" |
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| Based on our intuitive understanding |
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| Knowledge based on logical deduction, like God |
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| Based on our interaction with real objects |
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| Direct resemblance, objective properties |
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| No direct resemblance, subjective properties |
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| Explanations about the conditions under which representations arise in consciousness |
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| Leibniz's theory that all life is made up of a hierarchy of monads |
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| psychophysical parallelism |
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| Mental and bodily experiences occur in tandem with each other, but without any type of causal interaction |
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| The lowest level of perception, subconsciousness recongintion |
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| Rational monad has an ongoing sense of self |
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| Leibniz's metaphor for non-interactive dualism |
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| Leibniz's analogy to show that even if you could see every physical aspect of something, you can't understand its internal processes. Goals, motives etc. |
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| Living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element |
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| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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| The nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried. |
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| The belief that natural wholes are like complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other. |
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| Sensory and motor speed can be measured |
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| The means by which the brain accounts for the differences that the subject may witness, particularly alterations in the visual field. |
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| A matter of making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences |
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| A matter of making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences |
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| Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect |
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| The view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on, the same substance |
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| The view that all matter has a mental aspect, or, alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view. |
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k=^R/R
Recognition of change in stimulation |
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| A threshold of a physiological or psychological response |
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| just noticeable difference |
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| The smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of a particular sensory stimulus |
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S=k log R
Basic equation that described the relation between physical changes and mental changes |
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| Method of limits, method of constant stimuli, and method of adjustment |
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| experimental self-observation |
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| Wundt's method for analyzing the constituents of the mind |
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| A non-lab approach to cultural studies |
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