• great popular theatre of the time
• scenarios: improvised presentations, with an outline
• women onstage & head of troupes

-Acting (Commedia Dell'Arte)

-Dramatic Criticism

-theatre architecture

-scene design

• women: oral culture
• improvements with improvisation
• managers of troupes/actors/writers
• educated women
• switch from courtesan to theatre performance
• improv difficult to censor

• Politics: Kings, no church domination, Machiavelli
• Economics: trade,merchant, leisure time,Patronage system
• Visual Art:realistic,religous people now shown secular
• Literature:Humanism,Dante, Gutenberg's Press
• Exploration:world exploration, New World
• Science:Galileo, Copernicus,Keplar,telescope

Patoral Comedies

(Itallian Renaissance)

• satyr playes of the time

Opera

(Itallian Renaissance)

• beginning of Opera
• only performance art that survived in its form today

Dottore

(Stock Character, Itallian Renaissance)

Capitano

(Stock Character, Itallian Renaissance)

Zanni

(Stock Character, Itaillan Renaissance)

• stock characters further defined by future playwrights
• Moliere
• San Francisco Mime Troupe
• Bill Irwin and David Shiner: Full Moon
• 20th century Classic Hollywood
• marx brothers

• oldest surviving
• Andre Palladio
• mini indoor theatre
• 3,000
• benches connected to skene
• raised stage
• achieved depth

Theatre at Sabbioneta

[image]

• 250 seats
• smaller more intimate
• single unit
• step towards the procenium stage

• architect Giovan Battista Aleotti
• court and academic theatre
• semicircular orchestra for seats or scenes
• Proscenium arch that was permanent
• move towards realism

• Revolutionized in Opera houses in Venice
• Pit
• Box
• built into walls,private seats, upper class
• Gallery
• upper boxes,tiers,least expensive, benches

• architect, painter, designer
• visual realism
• tragic, comic and Patoral designs
• angled wings
• Raked Stage
• create thunder and lightning
• color lights
• create moble heavenly bodies

• elaborate designs for the stage
• Pole and Chariot system
• cut out flats

• Dramatic Criticism
• Lodovico and Julius

• behavoir of characters must be appropriate

• must be true to life
• supernatural forbidden

Unity of Time

Unity of Place

Unity of Action

• Absence of Time period
• Absence of Place
• Absence of Season
• same character, different troupes

• male, female, painted face, clown

• mature man
• young man
• Military man

• mature women
• young women
• flower women
• women warriors

• court robe
• formal robe
• Amor
• informal robe

• strengthened Anglican Church
• United English People
• 1588 defeat of the Spanish Armada
• language and literature flourished

• Interludes
• brief dramas, stage proffesionals, at court and homes of nobility
• School Dramas: 
• at universities, at first private
• greek and roman influence;medieval dramaturgy

• Cambridge produced play every year
• Queen allowed public performances
• Boy's companies
• Public theatre mean proffessional playwrights

• part of School Drama's

• Humanists: London Inns
• Roman:Seneca, Plautus,and Terrance
• Italian:borrowed plotlines from literature,pastorals
• Medieval: neutral platform stage, Episodic structure

• bridged gap between educated and popular
• blend medieval and classical
• Provided foundation for Shakespeare and his contemporaries
• university educated, proffesional dramatists
• provided plays to companies

• Dr. Faustus
• focus on protagonist
• Episodic Structure
• wrote for production, not publication
• influenced Shakspeare
• Secret Agent?
• difficulites with the law
• unorthodox religious views

• troupes had patrons, actors had to be in a troupe
• Elizabeth I banned all religious and politcal plays
• public performances had to be liscensed
• troupes needed Royal Patent
• Master of Revels
• Leicester's Men 1574

• most famous, Shakespeare's company
• Richard Burbage
• Will Kemp
• The Rose and the Globe

• Phillip Henslow and Edward Alleyn
• The Rose and the Fortune

• no more than 25 members
• all men
• Shareholders
• hired me or hirelings
• Apprentices

• Realism vs. non-realism?
• Most sources point to non-realism
• young boys played females
• large casts, doubling or tripling of roles
• rigourous performance schedule
• long plays
• acting was probably stylized and non realistic

• had to be built outside city limits
• Four feet high thrust stage
• •Wide stage, sometimes 40 feet, never less than 26
  •Playing area was neutral (from medieval tradition)
  •Capacity 1500-3000
  •Circular, polygonal

• more expensive
• pit had backless benches,faced stage in one direction
• audience sat onstage during Jacobean and Carolean periods
• had more of a skene than tiring house

• took place in outdoor theatres

• skene

• scenery
• no painted perspective
• neutral platform stage
• spoken decorum
• Costumes
• wore 
• Elizabethan clothing: different for ghosts, supernatural, radical groups, or follk heros

• Volpone 1606
• neoclassical rules
• "Comedy of Humors"
• Poet and critic as well
• imprisoned a couple times
• War of Theatres

• more sensational, more violent
• Dutchess of Malfi, most renowned tragedy of this period
• educated "wit"
• his tragedies are finest of the period next to Shakespeare
• melodramatic, Spectacular

• excelled at "tragiocomedy"
• coauthors
• aristocratic audiences wanted more romance and witty satire
• orante, superficial, artificial style
• influenced restoration

• playwrights were paid
• companies needed large numbers of plays
• kept under contract
• plays not long runs
• shows were every day

• elaborate entertainments meant for royalty
• performed at court, not for public
• flourished during James and Charles
• Italian innovations came to England
• Music, Dance, Spectacle

• designer and architect for James and Charles
• brought innovations to English stage
• studied design and painting in Italy
• Vain and dictorial
• during war designed field armor

• designed to ward off evil spirits
• to wish for a peaceful world and good fortune
• 5 people to perform this dance
• colors ofcostumes represent different directions
• displays gentleness and strength at the same time like yin and yang

• part of the Choson dynasty

• influenced by Japenese theatre

• influenced by Western Theatre
• now taking traditional plays and stories and making them more modern
• bringing in Foreign directors to direct traditional Korean plays
• public performances now normal
• experimental theatre groups

actor, director, playwright, shareholder, part-owner of the Globe

Lord Chamberlain's Men

broke neoclassical rules, made his own dramas

frequent shifts

complex and interesting individual characters

use of language

• most powerful nation in the western world
• church
• Moorish Culture: honor, seperation of public spheres of men and women

• much like religious dramas of other regions: human and supernatural figures; allegorical figures
• centered around the festival of Corpus Christi
• organized by trade guilds, used wagons

• used for educational purposes as printing arrived in Spain and education flourished
• aimed at aristocratic audiences in the beginning
• actors welcomed

• theatre built between two buildings

• Life is a Dream
• university educated
• Entered the Court if Felipe IV
• was named court dramatist
• took holy orders to become a priest

The Great Chain of Being

• ·      Medieval concept

  ·      Hierarchy for organizing society

  ·      God, angels, humans- Monarch/King, Animals- mammals, birds, fish Vegetables- Oak Tree, Minerals- diamond, gold, marble

  ·      Influenced everything up till now- pretty much

  ·      Literary influences- Shakespeare

  ·      Moral influences: know where you are on the chain, don’t try to go up or down is a sin.

  ·      Political influences: monarchy was ordained by God, rebelling not a sin just against state but to God. Rule with love, wisdom and justice

• o   Has to do more with reputation, public appearances rather than notices of merit or value; honor belongs to men, may lose it through actions of women.

  All participants begin with a perfect score after which honor may be diminished or reduced through error.

  Honor can also be damaged by an accusation of cowardice, suspicion of impure blood or tainted ancestry

• All things change, except Brahman (Supreme World Soul, is one translation)

• India’s caste system also seems to have come out of the intermingling of Aryans and Dravidians, as well as issues of a growing population
  –Brahmins: specialized in all things religious
  –Kshatriya: high-ranking military, political families
  –Vaishya: farmers
  –Shudra: working class
  –Dalits (“untouchables”): butchers, refuse workers, thought to have originally been comprised solely of Dravidian peoples

• •Sanskrit for “story”
  –more accurately: “stories that matter,” “stories that contain truth,” “stories that need to be heard”

• •8 times longer than the Iliad and Odyssey combined
  •Goals and purpose of life
  •War chronicle
  •Stories of two families
  •Contains the BhagavadGita, a conversation between a prince and Lord Krishna (an incarnation of Visnu)

• •Stories of relationship ideals
  •Explores dharma (the “law” that maintains the universe, “truth”)
  •Follows the story of Rama, another incarnation of Visnu

• Encyclopedia of drama
  •36 chapters detailing every aspect of production
  •Theater construction
  •How to worship before a performance
  •Types of plays and a guide to playwriting
  •Costume and make-up instruction
  •Movements and gestures based on characters’ moods and states of being
  •Techniques are honored but were not slavishly followed

• Stock Characters
  •4 types of heroes
  •8 types of heroines
  •Protagonist’s confidant is always a comic character
  –Characters and actors cannot be separated neatly from dramatic structure
  •The Sutradhara: company leader (male); usually played main characters
  •Plays always began with a prayer (nandī), followed by a prologue, which was always a conversation between the Sutradhara and another character in the play that foreshadowed what was to come

• There are 8 rasa (“tastes”) an audience can experience:
  •Erotic, comic, pathetic, furious, heroic, terrible, odious, and marvelous