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Seven hills
Built on Tibur River
Access to fresh water and the sea
Easily defended |
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Great mineral goods
Language was not Indo-European
Buried their dead
No one is really sure where they came from |
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Founded Rome in 753 BCE
Ruled 753-715 BCE
Killed his brother Remus
Established noble families of Rome |
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Most cities were colonies from Greek mainland
Syracuse was incredibly powerful
Some of the best examples of Greek architecture
High point in 7th-5th c BCE |
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Ruled from 753-510 BCE
Years of their rules don't add up
First king: Romulus
Last king: L. Tarquinius Superbus |
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c. 59-17 BCE
Wrote annalistic history
Didactic literature
Take what is happening today and assume it has been happening forever (like conflict between classes) |
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Maybe descended from Aeneas
Shared the Latin language
Took some time for Rome to control all of it |
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450/49 BCE
Written in bronze on hill so everyone could see
Decemviri (ten men)
Laws were never anulled, but had more commentaries added over time |
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6th century
Patricians were taking control of many of the offices in the new government
Plebs get power through Tribune of the Plebs → he was a voice for them, and he was sacrosanct
Patricians → 100 noble families (chosen by Romulus) |
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Battle in 396 BCE
Romans defeat Etruscans
First salvo of Roman domination
Victory basically doubles Roman land |
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390/387 BCE
Gauls moving south, trying to find new land to inhabit
Romans neglected the gods, so the gods neglected them
Camillus convinced them not to abandon Rome |
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Means "course of honors"
Quaestor → aedile → praetor → consul → maybe censor |
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Hostage from Greece
Came into contact with Scipio Aemilianus
Monarchy → tyranny → aristocracy → oligarchy → democracy → ochlocracy (mod rule) → monarchy again
Pragmatic history → useful for politicians, other Greeks |
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Polytheistic
Many gods taken from new territories, added to or synced with Roman gods
Church and state are the same → oftentimes, those in higher offices are in charge of festivals and temples
Auspicium (bird entrails) read by augurs |
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Pater familias was in charge
Marriage and status of women (cum manu vs. sine manu)
Divorce was very common in Roman society
Changes in 2nd c BCE deal primarly with the wealth that comes in, repeal of sumptuary laws |
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Built by Appius Claudius Caecus
11 yards wide, 1 yard deep on avg.
Lined with tombs
Perfect for moving troops in annual wars |
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First War: 343-341 BCE
Second War: 326-304 BCE
Third War: 298-290 BCE
Battle of Caudine Forks in 321 BCE is embarassing loss for Romans |
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King of Epirus
Tarentum asks him to help with the Roman problem
280 BCE Heraclea → Romans are defeated, but he loses 4,000 men
Leaves Italy in 275 BCE |
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Nobiles now made up of patrician and selection of plebeian families
Holding office was central to “nobility” (cursus honorum)
Honorable wealth = land
Some noble families died out |
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264-241 BCE
Group of mercenaries appealed to Rome to help them out → did not want Carthaginians to have control of Messana
There is no Roman navy → captured a Carthaginian ship, used it as a model
Creates new provinces for Rome (Sardinia, Corsica) |
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218-201 BCE
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
Cannae 216 BCE → black day for the Romans
Battle of Zama marks end |
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Africanus wants to take command in Spain, but is not old enough to be consul → elected as private citizen with imperium (ability to control force)
Able to take Carthago Nova, defeats Hasdrubal in 208 BCE
He raises his own legions in Sicily to take Carthage
Exiled himself because he got sick of Rome |
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Son of Hamilcar Barca
Vowed as a child to hate Rome
Crossed the Alps with elephants
Killed himself rather than fall into Roman hands |
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Need more governors for new territory
Prone to extortion, mistreatment of their people
Legates, scribes, etc. would go with governor
Make sure everyone was supporting general Roman goals |
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| Scipio Aemilianus finally takes Numantia, majority of Spain is under Roman control |
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200-196 BCE
Greek city-states want Macedon kicked out, don’t like being under Phillip’s control
Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BCE)
T. Quinctius Flamininus goes up against phalanx with long pikes |
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T. Quinctius Flamininus goes up against phalanx with long pikes
“I free all the Greeks”
Put on coin |
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171-168 BCE
Perseus wants to establish control
Eumenes of Pergamum calls on Rome for help
Reorganization of Macedon into four separate areas each with autonomous government → break up kingdom |
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149-146 BCE
Masinissa makes raids on Carthaginian territory
Scipio Aemilianus
Carthage is razed in 146 BCE |
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Scipio Aemilianus takes Numantia
Took Carthage DOWN
Consul 147 BCE
Ambitio to gather support using poor people instead of rich |
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| Senatus Consultum Ultimum |
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Didn't like how Scipio Africanus treated his troops (very well)
Ended every speech with "Carthage must be destroyed"
Hates Greece
Wrote about agriculture |
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Land reform → ager publicus being taken over by the rich (many Senators in Rome)
Land commission → three men in charge, let the people decide → Tiberius, his brother, and father-in-law
Goes to Plebian assembly to pass legislation without senatorial approval
Assassinated 133 BCE |
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Limit capital punishment, continue land reform, found colonies
Wanted to limit senate's power
Second term as tribune (122 BCE) → extension of Roman citizenship to allies
Killed by order of SCU in 121 BCE |
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112-105 BCE
Power struggle over kingdom of Numidia with grandchildren of Massinissa
Popular opinion concerning war is so poor they choose a new consul in 107 → Gaius Marius
Marius sends Sulla into negotiations with Bacchus in Mauretania to give them Jugurtha |
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Romans had no idea they were coming
Move all over Gaul → not necessarily looking for a fight, just somewhere to settle
Teutoni defeated in 102 BCE
Cimbri defeated in 101 BCE (both by Marius) |
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157-86 BCE
Novus homo
Wanted to take capaign against Mithridates from Sulla |
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138-78 BCE
Jugurthine War: Marius sends Sulla into negotiations with Bacchus to give them Jugurtha
Sulla lets his troops know command has been changed → march on Rome
Resigned dictatorship in 81 BCE, elected consul in 80 BCE |
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Work with Marius
Populares politician
Had SCU passed against him when he ran for tribune in 100 BCE
Killed by mob throwing roof tiles |
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91-88 BCE
Samnites and Lucanians want nothing to do with the Romans, abstain → others say it’s about time Rome gave them citizenship
Rome starts handing out citizenship piecemeal
Marius comes back and leads in 90, Sulla is in the south |
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87-84 BCE
He and Marius force themselves through as consuls in 86 BCE
New citizens registered in 35 tribes → Cinna gets support in countryside |
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Proscriptions posted in 82-1 BCE
Restore power of the senate
Limit power of tribunes
Settle veterans close to Rome |
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256 BCE – first gladiatorial munus
Want to pour something into the ground to honor the dead → wine or blood
Beast hunts
Slaves |
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c. 254-184 BCE
Probably a theatrical name
Plautus added slave characters → metatheater
Always set in Greece |
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Wrote a history of Rome’s wars in Greek (24 books)
Why does Appian choose to write about this period?
• Lust for power
• Virtues of monarchy
• This is a turning point for Appian as he looks back at the Romans → first political murder in a very long time
“The Civil Wars” (5 books) begins with Gracchi
The way one died reflected the way one lived → “Lost his life in consequence of a most excellent design too violently pursued” |
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Sulla’s last remaining foe
Made his way back to Spain, by 77 BCE he had pretty much all of Spain under his control
77 BCE: Pompey called in
Sertorius looks to Mithridates for help, but by the time his help arrives in 73 BCE, Sertorius has been assassinated |
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Thracian
73-71 BCE
Pompey helps, Crassus raises forces against him
Pompey wins triumph for putting down revolt, even though Crassus did most of the work |
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1959
Stanley Kubrick
Commentary on politics of 1950s
Christian message that one can easily get out of the movie → framing it in that way to give Hollywood a “message” so that censors will let it go through |
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115-63 BCE
Extremely rich
Supported Sulla
Joined triumvirate to increase his influence and relief for tax-farmers (publicane; in charge of collecting the taxes that various provinces owe to Rome → speculative trading) |
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Frees Mediterranean from pirates in 67 BCE
77 BCE: Pompey went to Spain to fight Sertorius, Propena → end the civil war there
Member of triumvirate to ratify holdings in the east
Killed in Alexandria 48 BCE |
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Thought of himself as being an heir of Alexander the Great
Sulla campaigned against him 87-85 BCE, centered in Greece → Treaty of Dardanus in 85: Mithridates keeps his holdings, Sulla leaves
Summer 67 BCE, Mithridates stir up revolt
66-63 BCE, Mithridates is defeated |
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106-43 BCE
Consul in 63 BCE
Trial of C. Rabirius → question legality of SCU
Amazing orator |
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63 BCE
Catiline was defeated by Cicero, twice → bitter, broke
Armies start being raised against Rome
5 patricians are arrested |
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60-53 BCE
Caesar wants to be consul in 59 BCE
Just an agreement behind closed doors
“Tree-headed monster” – Cicero
Cicero refused to join |
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Tribune 58 BCE
Gang warfare with Milo (tribune of 57, supported by Pompey) against Clodius
Free grain!
Collegia are allowed → informal social groups, guilds that would look out for one another → also in charge of burial rites
Bona dea
Senate house as funeral pyre |
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Caesar in Gaul 58-51 BCE
Comentarii
Vercingetorix defeats him in 52 BCE, come to city of Alesia
Caesar builds works around city to besiege it, but other Gauls arrive so he has to build another wall to keep them out - fights them off on both sides |
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| Civil War Between Caesar and Pompey |
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Definition
52 BCE: SCU makes Pompey sole consul (essentially a dictator) - Optimates in senate HATE Caesar
Caesar crosses Rubicon in Jan. 9/10, 49 BCE
First stop, Spain via Massilia (49 BCE) → take care of Pompey’s legions there so they don’t attack Gaul and make their way to Italy (defeat at Alerda)
Battle of Pharsalus in Greece (48 BCE) → Caesar is able to defeat Pompey
Pompey flees to Alexandria → beheaded when he steps foot on land, Sept. 48 BCE |
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49-44 BCE
Sept. 47 BCE: Caesar returns to Italy after settling dynastic conflict in Egypt
Reforms debt/loan rates
Reforms calendar
Colonies in Carthage and Corinth
Major building program (try to live up to Alexandria) |
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Tribune 88 BCE
Wanted to give full rights to new citizens, make them part of 35 instead of new 8
Formed a gang
Helped Marius gain command of Mithridatic War in exchange for financial support |
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