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There is no specific birthdate
began with EArly Greeks pre 8th century BCE
Homer, Rhapsodes |
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heuristic
eristic
protreptic |
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| power to express, captivate, argue |
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| The first systematic study of the rise of rhetoric in ancient greece |
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| first rhetorician - legal plea training, handles legal dispute over land reparations after Tyrant Hieron dies |
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| Traveling teacher/practitioner, offered a new way of education in Athens. Often controversial, challenged assumptions. Mastery over others, persuasive power |
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| Notable politicians of Athens in 6th, and 5th BCE |
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| all native freeborn males now equal must participate and the middle class enters politics |
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| literacy, oratory, business, leadership, virtue, persuasive speech, |
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| no lawyers, 2 speeches, 1 mass vote |
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Athenian Policies (kind of like a Senate) ... the "Lottery"
& taxes are arguable |
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| Virtue, excellence, success, leadership |
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| logical argumentation, - 2 sided exchange |
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| premises widely accepted by the wise |
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| teach you how to "make the worse case appear the better" |
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| strong arguments can be made for ANY claim |
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| raise doubt, critique, question, analyze, imagine alternatives |
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| Why were the sophists controversial? |
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| they were foreign itinerant relativists.. controversial, flamboyant...challenged older authority, charged for education, etc. |
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| Reality (accd. to Sophists) |
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| a linguistic contstruction, not an objective fact |
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| Justice (accd. to Sophists) |
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| comes from social agreements(nomos) not Thesmos (authority), Physis (nature), or Logos (Transcendent truth) |
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| Gorgias, Protagoras, Isocrates, Aspasia |
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-Nothing exists, if it did, we couldn't know it, and even if we did know it we couldn't share it with others.
- Reality is psychological and moveable.
-Rhetoric is "art of magical deception"
-Skilled rhetorician can prove ANY point
-The encomium of Helen |
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linguistic power over emotions
sensuous speech - power of sound, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech |
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-founded 1st rhetorical school
-wealthy, famous, influential
-weak voice, gifted writer and educator
-Pan-Hellenism (Pro-Greece, unite city-states vs. Persia, expand)
-Improve politics
-themes to benefit the audience
-students=talent, practice, eduation
-Character- Ethos |
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-Only anvient female rhetorician
-Hetaera
-Taught Pericles |
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women are non-citizens
"men destest being ruled by women" (democritus)
-Democracy up- women down
- misogyny
-yet importantly, Gods are female... Athena was patron of Athens |
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| naturally clever people flatter audience into agreement "foul and ugly pseudo art" |
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| "speak of things as they are, all other discursive techniques are perfect cheats" |
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| "logic, dialectic, grammar, philosophy, history, poetry, are ALL rhetoric" |
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| "universal and archetectonic art" |
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personal relationships
sports
medicine
romance
marketplace
education
intra-personal |
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| any spoken or written form of non-literary discourse and many would include a great deal of literary discourse |
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| "the energy inherent in emotion and thought transmitted through a system of signs, including language to others to influence their decisions or actions" |
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language
music
dance
gestural
painting
architecture |
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| "the part of an act or object which influences how social meanings are created, maintained or opposed" |
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| Herrick's definition of rhetoric |
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| "systematic study and intentional practice of effective symbolic expression" |
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| 6 characteristics of rhetoric |
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Planned- incentio, disposisitio, elecutio
Adapted to an audience- addressed
Reveals Motives - commitments, goals, desires
Responsive- exigencies resolvable via discourse/symbols
Seeks Persuasion
Adresses Contigent Issues- "it depends..." vs. definites |
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arguments- conclusions and reasons
appeals- to emotions convictions
arrangement- for precision, beauty, clarity
aesthetics- for form, beauty, force |
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| 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric |
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discovers facts- inventio
shapes/builds knowledge- :;rhetoric is epistemic"
builds community- shared beliefs, knowledge, values
Tests Ideas- freedom, peace
Assists advocacy- attention
-public voice
-false ideas prevail only when advocates of the true fail to
-distributes power- who can speak? when where how about.. |
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| 5 themes across the History of Rhetoric |
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-Power
-Truth
-Ethics
-Audience
-Society |
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| deductive major minor adn conclusion |
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| inductive smaller to conclusion |
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| based on audience analysis |
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