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Definition
| Egymption architect, physician, polymath, might have written first surgical texts. |
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| World's oldest medical treatise |
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Definition
| Edwin Smith papyrus C. 1600 BC. Discusses diagnosis and treatment of traumatic military injuries. |
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| 1550 BC contains practical advice and magic. There are over 700 drug formulae givem |
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| Most important medical texts in Ancient China |
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Definition
The Yellow Emporor's Inner Cannon
-Illness has natural causes.
-Illness is a disruption of Chi
-Human body is a microcosm that reflects the world as a whole, the macrocosm.
-Natures 5 phases (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) correspond to parts of the mind/body. |
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Definition
| A vital energy that travels through body along "meridians". Disruption of it's flow leads to illness. |
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| Imbalances of yin yang leads to illness according to ancient Chinese. Yin principal is negative, cold, dark, empty, earthly, and feminine. Yang is positive, warm, bright, full, heavenly, and masculine. |
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| Greek contributions to Science |
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Definition
-invented purely scientific curiosity
-tried to find natural causes
-fewer unquestioned assumptions=fewer restraints on imagination. |
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Definition
~650-580 BC
-first philosopher scientist. Relied on reason rather then experiments
-materialist, causal view of nature
-Earth is a disc surrounded on all sides by water.
-Water is the essence of all things
-steam: expanded water, earth: consolidated water. |
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Definition
492-432 BC
-Materialist and causal view of nature
-Originator of the 4 element model of nature: fire, air, water, and earth. These combine because of two forces: love and hate.
-unsuccessful combos: malformed monsters
-successful combos: humans and animals
-Believed we "thought" with our blood. |
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Definition
460-360 BC
-Peak of Greek philosophy.
-ATOMISM
-Atoms are infinte in # and shape, neither created or destroyed.
-Qualities of matter derive from atom composition
-Life and sould are same thing, fire atoms
-Breath brings in soul atoms, death, asphyxisa caused by lack of soul atoms |
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| Limitations of first period of Greek natural philosophy |
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Definition
-No experimental method
-No chemistry beyond atomic/elemental theory
-No conception of force/energy beyond attraction/repulsion |
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Definition
460-361 BC (~same as Democritis)
-Changed early Greek medacine to be more observational and ethical. ("do no harm")("Observe with senses")
-Rejected religion,stressed pragmatism and experience.
-Study patient rather then disease, gentle treatments |
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| -Hippocratic Collection/Hippocratic Corpus |
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Definition
-Collection of works quoting the teachings of Hippocrates.
-contained 60-70 works by roughly 19 authors |
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Definition
4 fluids of the body
-blood, bile, black bile, phlegm
-Illness happened in phases; degeneration of humours, coction, CRISIS (evacuation of humours) |
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Definition
| Sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic |
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Definition
| 1858. Replaced humoural pathology with cellular pathology. |
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| Hippocrates view on inheritance |
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Definition
-All parts of body produce seed material; traits in offspring arise from mixing male and female seed.
-Darwin believed this, called it pangenesis |
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Definition
life giving principle in the air which enters the lungs, is taken to the left side of the heart, and distributed by the arteries to the body to sustain it.
-Brain is a radiator that cools blood and separates water and mucous. Brain is center of thought and feeling. |
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Definition
| The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine honestly. May not be hippocratic at all and is not historically accurate |
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Term
Aristotle introductory info
-Hometown, where he studied.. |
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Definition
384-322 BC
-Born in Macedonia
-father was physician
-Studied in Athens at 17 at Plato's Academy for 20 years. -Studied Bio on island of Lesbos.
-Fled Lesbos, returned to Macedonia; tutored prince for several years |
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| Hippocrates hometown and travels |
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Definition
| -Cos, Asclepiad father. Travelled in Balkans and Asia Minor. |
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Definition
| Believed there are no divine beings. Impersonal necessity and natural law govern the world. |
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Definition
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| Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato ideological shift |
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Definition
| Away from purely natural curiosity of the Ionian philosophers, toward more human-centered and theological interests. |
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Definition
| Lyceum, in Athens. Est. 334 BC. |
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Definition
| died in exile on the island of Chalcis |
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| Natural groups of organisms |
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Definition
| Groups whose members have correlated attributes. Some attributes lead to natural groupings, others lead to unnatural groupings. |
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Term
| What attributes tend to lead to natural groups of organisms? |
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Definition
-They are essential to organism
-They have functional dependence
-relatedness/common ancestor |
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Term
| Aristotle's view on anatomy |
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Definition
| He thought anatomy should be comparative. Species should be differentiated as their uniqueness was important. |
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Term
| Aristotle's view on physiology |
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Definition
-Agreed with Hippocrates
-Brain cools the blood and produces mucous.
-heart is the organ of soul and intelligence
-food is 'cooked' in gut |
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Term
| Who is said to have founded natural history |
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Definition
| Aristotle. He was an inspiration to later biologists. |
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Term
| What was wrong with Aristotle's methods? |
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Definition
-infected with Plato's essential-ism, no conception of evolution.
-not rigorously natural
-Natural history could be made to fit Christian theology. |
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Term
| What was the Museum in Alexandria like? |
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Definition
| It was a University. "House of Muses" |
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Term
| Who are Herphilus and Erastratus? |
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Definition
| (310-260 BC)Physicians and anatomists at Alexandria. Known via secondary sources only. Both probably preformed human dissection (on criminals?) |
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Term
| What was the roman view on physiology and anatomy? (Herphilus and Erastratus) |
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Definition
| Blood is synthesized from food and distributed through veins. Pneuma (spirit) is replenished by respiration. Veins and arteries are dead end canals that seeped into organs. |
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Definition
| The Roman idea of spirit which is carried by the arteries to the veins. It is then converted into animal spirits which are carried to the muscles, causing movement |
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| What was Erasistratus' view on illness? |
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Definition
| Blood left the veins and went into arteries and blocked distribution of pneuma, causing illness. |
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Definition
| The shift away from Greek methodology and observation towards phenomology and philosophy. |
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Definition
AD 23-79
Historian, encyclopedist. Lawyer, civil administrator, military officer to Roman society.
-Wrote 37 volume encyclopedia, Natural History |
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Term
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Definition
| written by Pliny the Elder. Almost all info culled from ancient authors. Became solid reference work for the next 1500 years. |
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Definition
| (1st cent. AD) Wrote large encyclopedia, one portion- De Medicina, survived. Hippocratic, surgeon should assist nature in healing process. Became one of the first medical books to be printed. |
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Definition
(AD 130-200) (Height of Roman Empire)
-Surgeon to gladiatorial school at Pergamon.
-Most prestigious physician in Rome. Mimicked and ridiculed by other physicians. No students or school. |
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Definition
Deeply religious, opposed to atomism.
-Hippocratic.
-Studied anatomy using animals and bones from tombs. |
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Term
| Galen's biological insights |
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Definition
-Voice controlled by laryngeal nerves that led to brain, supported idea brain is center of thought and reason.
-Arteries contain blood, not air.
-Kidney makes urine, not bladder.
-Gut peristalsis
-Cutting spinal cord at different places led to different results |
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Term
| Galen's beliefs (that turned out to be false) |
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Definition
-Blood does not circulate, it moves from liver to tissues.
-Venous blood distributes food.
-blood enters arterial system through pores connecting r & l ventricles |
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| Galen's therapies for illness |
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Definition
-balance humours with diet
-balance humours with bloodletting and purging
-invasive surgery |
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| Main difference between Greek and Islamic/Arabic Science |
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Definition
| Arabic was more experimental. Standardized, hints of control, randomized drug trials. |
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| Reasons science in Islam flourished |
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Definition
| Intellectuals were not all religious.Influenced by Greeks. Strength in math, optics, chemistry, medicine. |
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Definition
-"a mysterious transformation"
-Aims: transmute base metals into gold. Philosophers stone. To find elixirs for health and immortality.
Forerunner of Chemistry |
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Term
| Contribution of Alchemy to modern science |
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Definition
Chemical techniques & concepts;
distillation, glassware (alembic), solutions, acids and bases, transformation, chemical analysis. |
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Definition
Abu Sina or Ibn Sina. 980-1037 AD.
-Greatest Islamic intellectual. Works became basis of curriculum in European medical schools until mid 17th cent. Physician, mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physicist. Believed medicine was a science.That cures to illness should be repeatable. |
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Definition
| By Avicenna, 14 volume works which incorporated Greek, Roman, and Islamic medicine. Encapsulated Aristotle's concept of purpose in nature, and Galen's anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1288. Questioned Galen's blood movement and suggested circulation. First to perform human dissections |
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Term
| Reasons science in Islam passed to Europe in later centuries |
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Definition
-No self-sustaining scientific revolution
-Printing press allowed for more distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| The Assimilation of ancient writings into a Christian framework. |
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Definition
"Doctor Universalis" (1200-1280)
-Literary scholar, alchemist, and teacher. Foremost medieval naturalist. Dsicovered/isolated Arsenic. Open minded about Chemistry. Described new plants, animals, and minerals.
-"Aristotle's Ape" |
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Term
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Definition
| (1225-1274) Pupil of Albertus Magnus. Greatest synthesizer of Science and Ideology in the 13th century. Believed that the Bible plus works by ancient authors provided a complete, self-consistent guide to reality. |
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Definition
(1908-1179)
Nun, abbess, mystic who wrote religious visions. Healer, naturalist, musician. Sought natural causes of diseases and mental illness. |
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| Frederick 2 of Hohenstaufen |
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Definition
| (1194-1250)Student of science and contributor to it. Did not share religion and assumptions of scholastic. Established University of Naples. Chartered Salerno Medical College |
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Definition
| Founded by Frederick of Hohenstaufen in 1224. It still exists and is called the University of Napes Fedrico 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chartered by Frederick of Hohenstaufen in 1231. Formal curriculum with standardized exams, produced many medical treatises. Separated the duties of physician from duties of pharmacist. |
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| Universities in Medieval times |
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Definition
-Flourished during scholastic period.
-Grew from churches
-International. Students came from all over Europe.
-Most study was in Latin. |
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