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| 332 BC. resisted Alexander, so he built towers around the city to scale the walls.Entire male population was killed, city was destroyed. Batis (governor)was dragged behind a chariot around the city |
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| Alexander crossed in 332BC in a record 7 days |
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| He arrived in Memphis, Egypt in 332BC where the garrison handed over the sytrap |
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| Persian governor of Egypt, marched his garrison to meet Alexander in Memphis (332 BC) and handed over the city. |
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| historian of the 5th century, wrote a history of Egypt as the "gift of the Nile" and a fabulously fertile land |
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| Name of the Greek commercial colony in Egypt |
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| 331BC Alexander was allowed to see the the Ammun-Ra oracle alone- a right reserved for pharaohs |
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| – The foundation of Alexandria officially known as ‘Alexandria ad Aegyptum,’ destined to become one of the greatest cities in the Mediterranean world. |
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• King Cambyses who had invaded Egypt in 525-522 BC sent an expedition out to Siwa
– A small army
– It disappeared in a sandstorm
– Never came back
• According to Herodotus, this is one of the reasons Cambyses got so angry with the Egyptians and abused his power in Egypt, mistreating and insulting his Egyptian subjects. |
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| "King of the Gods", thought to be the equivalent of Greek Zeus |
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| 332BC, put in charge of Egypt as finance minister when Alexander left. |
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| September 20, 331BC. Final face of Darius III and Alexander. Alex surprised Darius by taking route through Assyria and marching at an angle. |
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| Where Alexander and army crossed the Euphrates in 331BC. |
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| Where Alexander and his army crossed the Tigris in 332BC |
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| Darius III's first general, directed to lead the left wing calvary |
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| Macedonian phalangites in the wedge formation, attacked the Persian infantry in front of them in their side-ways movement |
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| foot-soldiers in the Macedonian army. directed to get into the gap that was created and go after Darius in the center. |
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•Persian general
He launched heavy cavalry attacks on the right (Persian) wing.
– Parmenio was fighting an uneven battle
– He sent for Alexander and asked for reinforcements
– Alexander stopped pursuing Darius and with his Companions returned to relieve him
-Eventually came to Alexander's side and was made satrap of Babylon |
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| Called for help to Alexander during Guagamela, while he was pursuing Darius. He turned back |
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| Darius's mother, had no want to be liberated by the Persians, wanted her daughters to marry Alexander |
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| • Shortly after the Battle of Gaugamela (332BC), Antipater defeated King Agis III at the city of Megalopolis, in the Peloponnese. This incorporated Sparta into the Greek League |
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| King of Megalopolis, lost to Antipater in 331 BC allowing Sparta to join the Greek league |
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| Bank of Persians, after Guagamela, Alexander burned the city in 330BC as punishment for Persians burning Athens in 480BC. Alex later rebuild royal tombs and monuments |
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• When he took control of Persepolis, he sent a few soldiers to Pasargades, to secure the treasure of Cyrus the Great (I) there as well.
– Pasargades was the capital of Cyrus the Great in the 6th century and his final resting place. |
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| "Commander in Chief" of the Hellenic League |
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| end of the Pan-Hellenic War |
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| Alexander's burning of Persepolis marked the end in 330BC |
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| Although Alex wanted Darius alive, he was caught and killed by his own general Bessus |
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| also known as Samarkand. • Alexander discovered at a small village, a Greek tribe! Alexander killed them all because of their unholy origins |
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| "Alexandria the Farmost" founded at the far east of Persian empire.on Jaxartes River |
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| really tough satrap from fighting nomads with Bessus, resisted Alexander but he was eventually victorious in 330BC. Bessus condemned to death in 329BC |
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| thought to be founded by Alexander in 330BC |
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| AKA Kandahar. established in 330BC |
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| founded in 330BC, found high amounts of Hellenistic culture in the city centuries later |
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| Present day Alexandria on the Oxus. in Northern Afghanistan |
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| didrachma of Alexander's coinage. Gold coin |
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| silver coinage of Alexander the great.started mint in 328BC |
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| Persian tradition of kissing and bowing to rulers. not cool to the Greeks, because bowing was reserved to Gods |
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| his friend and general, was executed for treason for failing to bring an assissination plot to his attention (October 330 BC). |
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| was arrested (327 BC). There is some evidence showing he was likely the one who persuaded them to assassinate the king. |
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| passed through the Hindu-Kush by Khyber Pass, wanted to Hellenize the known world |
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| Isolated Greek features, thought to be decendents of Macedonian army, has the temple of Dionysis- a favorite of Alexander. |
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| Persian version of Alexander |
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| Alexander as son of Amon-Ra, horns are sign of this lineage and fertility |
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| In 327 BC Alexander the Great conquered Gandhara as well as the Indian Satrapies of the Persian Empire. |
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| (327 bc), conflict in which Alexander the Great seized a nearly impregnable natural stronghold blocking his route to India |
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| Alexander during India campaign intended to cross at the Indus and fight many battles there |
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| 326 BC Alexander faced Porus and tricked him to stop following ques from the Macedonian scouts about crossing. Amexander was victorious and Porus became an ally |
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| Indian rajah who fought at Hydaspes River and lost in 326 BC. Became an ally |
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| built in 326BC after victory over Porus, meaning victory. one of two cities built |
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| Second city established in 326BC after victory over Porus. Named for his horse that died in battle. |
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| general left in charge of managing the cities of Nicaea and Bucephala in 326BC |
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| In the Spring of 329, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush from Gandara to Bactria in order to pursue the Persian leader Bessus |
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| Area in India containing 5 very powerful kingdoms, many rivers and heavy rains that cause several complications if Alexander were to continue in 325BC |
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| Area between Indus and Ganges river where 18 great Indian kingdoms lie |
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–It forms a natural boundary running along the border between India and Pakistan
–Has an area of more than 77,000 sq mi
–10 days worth of marching |
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Beyond the Punjab, between the Indus and Ganges rivers, there were 16 great Indian Kingdoms that ruled the Indo-Gangetic Plains
(6th-3rd centuries B.C.) |
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•Beyond the Ganges there was another powerful kingdom,
–It was many times the size of any kingdom in the Punjab
–It had huge armies
•80,000 cavalry; 200,000 infantry;
6,000 war elephants
–It was located in the modern Bengal region (the West Bengal region in India and Bangladesh) |
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326BC. suspected to lead mutiny against Alexander to leave India.
–He only focused on the morale and the physical condition of the army. There was no effort to challenge Alex's authority.Alex moped, sacrified, then ordered to return home. |
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•Coenus was very respectful
–He did not criticize Alexander’s policies
–He did not allude to the ugly dispute with Cleitus or Callisthenes
–He only focused on the morale and the physical condition of the army
•The disaffection of the army was not due to opposition of his policies with the Persians or the Indians
–There was no effort to challenge Alexander’s authority. |
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| One of Alexander's centers for ruling the Indus river valley |
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| Father of Roxanne, one of the people left to look over Taxila and the lower regions of the Indus River Valley. 326 BC |
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Alexander and his army fought this village viciously. – Resided on the Indus (modern Multan)
–Alexander was shot in the chest with an arrow and almost died scaling one of their towns |
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Craterus’ Path. No casualties, through 1.Bolan Pass
2.Alexandria Arachosia
3.Pasargadae
•July 325 BC |
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| meeting point of the army in 325 BC on their way back to Persia from India |
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| Craterus spent the winter here with his portion of the army while retuning to Persia in 325 BC |
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Alexander divided the army again
•He would march west, parallel to the sea (through the Gedrosian Desert).
The other group would sail west parallel to the coast |
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| leader of the portion of the army that sailed west parallel to the coast. 325BC |
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•It stretches along the shores of modern Pakistan and Iran
–It runs from the Indus river to the southern edge of the Strait of Hormuz.
•It is one of the most desolate landscapes in the entire Asian continent
–Extremely difficult region to cross
•It’s plagued either by floods or droughts
•You can never calculate that you have enough water with you even during the monsoon season |
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was never occupied permanently by foreign invaders because of its difficult mountain and desert terrain.
–Persians, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, and British, all failed to incorporate it into their kingdoms and empires. |
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•The “Fish Eaters” – they dwelled along the shore
–They lived in canoes
–They ate nothing more than fish
•There he got word of Nearchus’ fleet and knew it was still stuck at the port at Patala.
–He had to cross the most difficult part of the Gedrosian desert without the support of the navy! |
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–As the naval portion approached it, they were not certain which way to go
•There was a debate whether they should go straight west (that would take them around the Arabian Peninsula and up the Red Sea) or veer northwest (the correct route for their rendezvous with Alexander at Pasargadae).
–Nearchus correctly decided to veer northwest
–Within days they met up with Alexander at Salmus on the Persian shores (November 325 BC) |
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| Meet up place of all three portions of the Greek army from India in 325 BC |
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The book Nearchus wrote with every detail and incident of his voyage.
-–It was a very important manual
•Nearchus’ record of the coast and the ports was extremely accurate
•Later generations used it to develop a long-term trade route along the Persian Gulf to the Indian ports.
–This was the first time this information was available to the Greek world! |
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•At the mouth of the Tigris River, Alexander founded Alexandria Charax
–It became one of the greatest commercial ports of the Hellenistic and Roman world on the trade route from India to the Middle East |
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Alexander's fourth title. –Supreme Military Commander of the Greek League in the Pan-Hellenic War (334 – 330 BC)
•In 330 BC, he dismissed his Greek allies from the army, but did not disband the League.
–Many of his Greek allies signed on as mercenaries. |
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| "Chief Administrator” of the entire empire, Hephaestion was appointed during the empire reorganization in 324BC |
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| Alexander's successors after his death in 323BC |
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| One of the Babylonian cities, where the mutiny after the campaign to India conspired |
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| A's soldiers were tired and unpaid, Alexander was acting like a Persian! When they were paid so much interest in 324BC they were suspicious. A decided to murder the 13 leader os the mutiny and kill them |
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| The Iranian calvary units in A's army, represented the reorganizaed Companion calvary |
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| The trousers worm by Persian royalty, which Alex rejected. |
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| The long-sleeved cape worn by Persian royalty that Alex rejected alaong with the anaxyrides |
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kausia came to the Mediterranean area as a campaign hat worn by Alexander and veterans of his campaigns in India.
Part of Alex's royal costume |
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| modern name for the campaign hat Alex wore as part of his costume. still popular today |
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| "agreement & camaraderie". What the army drank to when Alexander after the mutiny in 324BC |
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| 324BC at Ecbatana.From fever. Died before Alex could see him- Alex never recovered from the grief |
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| Writer ca. 50 BC.On his deathbed (323BC) Alex gives the signet ring to Perdiccas, leaving the empire to "the strongest" |
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Successors in the direct family of Alexander:
–Roxanne, the principal wife, was with child. He was to be the posthumous son, Alexander IV.
–Alexander’s full sister, Cleopatra was not married yet
•Whoever married her would have access to the throne
–Alexander’s half-sister, Thessalonica, was also unmarried
•She was also passport to the throne for her husband
–Alexander’s half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus
•He should be the obvious choice, except that he had some mental impairment. |
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| son of Alexander and Roxane. Technically the rightful heir to the empire, but he was only an infant when Alex died in 323BC. |
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| Cleopatra (Alex's sister) |
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Definition
| Potential heir to the throne within the Argead House, not yet married. |
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| Alex's half sister, also a potential heir within the Argead House if married |
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| Alexander's brother. Technically the RIGHTFUL heir to the throne, but was probably unfit to rule because of a mental disability. |
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| possible successor outside of the Argead House. Alexander’s son from his mistress Barsine |
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| Potential successor, held the signet ring of the empire, came from a noble Macedonian family, had royal ancestors, close friend and replacement of Hephaestion. |
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•Another powerful rival at Babylon
–He was of the same age as Alexander and was very close to him
–He was one of Alexander’s seven bodyguards
–Descended from the royal house of Lyncestis |
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•He was also at Babylon
•He was one of Alexander’s boyhood friends
•Became one of Alexander’s most trusted generals
•He played a principal part in Alexander’s campaigns in Afghanistan and India |
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-Descended from a noble family
•was a friend of Alexander since boyhood
–He was educated together with Alexander at the court at Pella.
•He was also one of Alexander’s seven bodyguards |
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Regent of Macedon
-caretaker of Alex's brother Philip (323BC)
-well respected, and would fight for interest of Alexander's family |
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–He was a senior general of Philip’s generation (same as Antipater)
-In charge of Asia Minor and Greater Phrygia, a position he'd held since 334BC. |
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| Greek name for Antigonus the One-Eyed since he lost his eye in ways unknown. Ruler of Asia Minor and Greater Phrygia |
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| Fought with Perdiccas for the sake of Alexander's family in the First War. Could not be A's successor because he wasn't Macedonian. |
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| 321BC. Perdiccas was killed in his tent |
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| Son of Antigonus the One-Eyed. Too focused on imitation Alexander in pompous and attitude without the war skill. Powerful in 316BC. |
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| 312BC. Demetrius fell to a trap by predictably using Alexander's war strategy. He looses to Ptolemy and Seleucus, after Seleucus established the Selecuid Dynasty with help of Ptolemy. |
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| Indian king who traded control of the Punjab for 500 elephants to Seleucus in 305BC. |
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| 301BC. Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Antigonus met. L and S teamed up and Antigonus was killed in battle. Demetrius retreated with small army knowing all was lost. This resulted in the Seleucid Empire, the Ptolemiac Egypt, and Madeconia under the Antigonid Dynasty (Demetrius's son conqured and establish a dynasty ~297BC) |
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| Son of Demetrius who defeated Cassander's sons to establish the Antigonid dynasty in 297BC in Macedonia. |
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| Established over Macedonia in 297BC by Demetrius's son Antigonus Gonatas. |
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Ptolemy established the Ptolemaic dynasty that reached all the way to 31 BC, when Cleopatra being defeated by Octavian (later named Augustus, the 1st Roman Emperor).
-Last part of Alexander's empire to fall to the Romans. |
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| Seleucus established the Seleucid dynasty; it was defeated by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC. |
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| Title won by Seleucus in 309BC when Antigonus tried and again failed to occupy Babylon. means victor |
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| Syria, because of so many Hellen traditions and the strong Hellenistic cities |
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| considered himself a “Greek” from Damascus, Syria. |
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| An Arabian city known for its rock-cut architecture and Greek influences |
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Definition
•A city in central Syria, located 215 miles northeast of Damascus.
•Under the Seleucids (after 323 BC), it flourished as a caravan stop for travelers crossing the Syrian desert
–It was on the route linking Persia and India with the Mediterranean ports.
•It became extremely wealthy due to trading, in the Roman Era.
–It never lost its Hellenistic identity. |
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Definition
| top most part of a column. can be ionic, doric or corinthean |
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Definition
| the lintel or beam resting on the capitals of the columns. |
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| above the architrave with or without decorations |
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| crown molding above the frieze |
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| the triangular section found above the structure supported by columns. |
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| Cities founded by Seleucus to maintain control over the area. |
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| ancient name for Jordan, which features several examples of Greek architecture. |
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| King sponsored center for arts, sciences, and literature. Scholars would collect and edit texts, making copies and translations of writings for circulation. |
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| • Scholars’ choice of the best of the best of all Greek works of the 5th and 4th centuries BC set the Canon of Classical Literature. Imcludes Homeric epics, tradgety, history, comedy, histories,and scientific treatises. |
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| several literaty works from the Museo of the Library in Alexander were sent to Pergamum. |
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•The Attalid kings could never compete with the Seleucids, or the Antigonids, or the Ptolemies in military affairs.
–But they could compete culturally.
•They tried to turn Pergamum, the capital, into a rival to Alexandria
–If they did not surpass it, they certainly were second best
-their Library of Pergamum saved many of the documents in Alexandria from being lost forever (in 48BC, when Caesar accidentally burned it down) because there were copies there. |
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•The scholars at Pergamum created parchment paper (charta pergamena) out of a thin sheet of sheep or goat skin to counteract the lack of papyrus paper (scrolls) produced in their rival city Alexandria.
–Parchment replaced papyrus and became the principle form of writing medium in the Middle Ages. |
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