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| Experimental method in physiology involving the systematic removal of neural tissue from live animals, in order to determine the function of the extirpated part of the nervous system. |
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| Inference that goes beyond the information given. According to John Stuart Mill, distance perception involves an inference that goes beyond the information provided by sensation. |
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| The anatomical separation of sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord, first identified by Charles Bell and experimentally confirmed by Francois Magendie. |
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| Society founded in 1845 by students of Muller opposed to vitalism, who maintained that all physiological processes can be reductively explained in terms of known physical-chemical processes. |
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| Superior region of the left frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, which Broca identified as the location of the "faculty of articulate language." |
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| Term used by Thomas Huxley to describe humans and animals, in accord with his view that mentality and consciousness are merely epiphenomenal by-products of the reflexive mechanisms of the nervous system and play no role in the generation of animal or human behavior. |
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| Phrenological identification of psychological faculties via the measurement of the contours of the skull. |
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| Theory that mentality and consciousness are by-products of the reflexive neurophysiological states that mediate sensory-motor connections and are not causes of behavior. |
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| According to John Stuart Mill, the science of character. Mill believed that the social capacities and propensities that constitute human character could be derived from the fundamental laws of associationist psychology |
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| S=k log R (where R represents the physical intensity of a stimulus, S the perceived intensity of a sensation, and k is a constant). |
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| Term introduced by William Carpenter to describe automatic but apparently purposive behavior that is mediated by ideas, based upon the prior association of ideas and behavior. |
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| the ability of the nervous system to inhibit as well as stimulate activity; the ability of neural stimuli to inhibit normal reflex activity. |
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| the ability of nerves to transmit excitation resulting in muscle contraction or sensation. In the early 19th century, it was commonly believed that the cerebral cortex is not ___ or "excitable" |
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| just noticeable difference |
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| In psychophysics, the subjective unit of measurement of the perceived difference in the intensity of a sensation. |
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| Comte's theory that societies pass through three stages of cognitive development--the theological, the metaphysical, and the positive--which represent fundamentally different attitudes to the explanation of natural events. |
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| Term employed by John Stuart Mill to describe those association processes that are more closely analogous to chemical bonding than of mechanical combination. |
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| Second in Comte's law of three stages, in which natural events are explained in terms of depersonalized forces. |
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| neurophysiological dualism |
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| Early 19th century view that the cognitive functions of the cerebral cortex are categorically distinct from the sensory-motor functions of the lower brain and spinal cord. |
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| Sechenov's form of psychology based upon the explanatory concepts of physiology. |
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| Theory developed by Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Casper Spurzheim, according to which the degree of development of psychological faculties is a function of the size of the area of the brain in which they are localized, which is reflected by protrusions and indentations of the skull. |
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| Wundt's form of experimental psychology based upon the experimental methods of physiology, but not committed to the reductive physiological explanation of psychological processes. |
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| term introduced by James Mill to describe the discrete sensational elements of complex ideas and associations. |
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| last in Comte's law of three stages, in which natural events are explained in terms of the description of observable correlation. |
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| Comte's view that the highest form of human knowledge is knowledge of the correlation of observables. |
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| Immediate or precipitating cause |
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| study of the functional relationship between the physical intensity of stimuli and the perceived intensity of sensation |
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| discrete sensations (ans associated neural excitations) that many 19th century physiologists postulated as the atomistic basis of complex perception. |
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| Unconscious inference governed by norms of rationality and logical inference, first postulated by John Stuart Mill in his explanation of complex perception. |
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| Term introduced by the English physiologist of Marshall Hall to describe an elementary reflex system comprising a sensory nerve, interconnecting nervous tissue in the spinal cord, and a motor nerve. |
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| Theory of the nervous system as a reflexive sensory-motor system whose every component can be characterized as having a sensory or motor function. |
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| Theory that behavior followed by success, satisfaction, or pleasure tends to be repeated. |
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| First in Comte's law of three stages, in which natural events are explained in terms of anthropomorpized forces. |
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| Term introduced by William Carpenter to describe unconscious thought processes and employed by John Stuart Mill to describe unconscious inference in perception. |
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| theory that the right course of action in any situation is the one that maximizes human happiness and minimizes human misery. |
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| Originally the view that vital processes such as respiration and digestion are a mechanical product of organized matter, rather than a product of the action of the rational soul. By the late 18th and 19th centuries it had developed into the view that physiological processes are the product of an emergent vital force distinct from physical and chemical forces of attraction and repulsion. |
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