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| In Aristotle, pure actuality that enables knowledge of universals and first principles |
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| According to Alcmaeon, the material carriers of nerve impulses. |
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| the belief in immaterial spirits or souls |
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| the contrast between the view that reality is unchanging (held by Parmenides) and the view that it is constantly changing (held by Heraclitus). |
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| According to Aristotle, the faculty that combines information from the special senses into unified perception. |
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| According to Aristotle, properties that can be discriminated by more than one sense (e.g., movement can be discriminated by both sight and touch). |
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| a method of argument involving the systematic exploration of arguments for and against opposing positions. |
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| the view that the psyche (or soul or mind) and material body are distinct entities. |
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| the agency responsible for an existent |
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| Faint copies of physical objects that some early Greek theorists such as Empedocles and Democritus believed emanated from physical objects and explained our perception of them. |
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| The group of early Greek formalist theorists associated with Elea in southern Italy, whose members included Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, and Xenophanes. |
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| According to Aristotle, the process by which what is merely potential becomes actual, through the realization of its form (e.g., the embryo developing into a chick) |
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| the end or function or purpose for which something exists. |
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| teh essential form of an existent. |
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| the view that the universe is best explained in terms of formal or mathematical relations. |
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| In Plato, the theory that ultimate reality is constituted by abstract ideas or Forms, in which concrete physical particulars derivatively "participate" |
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| According to Aristotle, the material, formal, efficient, and final causes of an existent. |
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| According to Hippocrates, the bodily substances that are formed from the four elements of Empedocles. Yellow bile is formed from air, blood from fire, black bile from earth, and phlegm from water. He maintained that health derived from the proper balance of these humors, and disease from their imbalance. |
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| Theory in which mental states are conceived of as internal states of an organism that are caused by environmental stimuli and that in turn cause other mental states and behavior. |
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| the term used by the historian of ideas Arthur Lovejoy to describe hierarchical conceptions of nature such as Aristotle's scala naturae. |
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| A form of medicine that emphasizes the natural healing power of the body and treats physical and psychological disorders as disorders of the whole body. |
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| Aristotle's view that substances are constituted by matter (hule) with substantial form (morphe) |
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| Generalization on the basis of observed instances. For example, generalization to "All A's are B's" on the basis of observed instances of A's that are B's. |
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| the group of early Greek naturalistic theorists associated with the ___ federation of city-states, whose members included Thales and Anaximenes. |
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| the material in which an extant is realized |
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| the capacity of functionally defined entities or properties to be realized in a variety of different material systems. |
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| the view that the universe is best explained in terms of material elements and processes. |
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| According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of plants. |
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| According to Aristotle, the faculty responsible for the apprehension of universals and comprehension of first principles. |
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| the Greek word for the fundamental element(s) (from which the term physics is derived) |
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| Qualities that physical objects have independently of our perception of them, such as size, shape, and motion. |
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| the Greek term usually translated as "soul", but without any presumed reference to an immaterial entity. |
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| According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of human beings. |
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| According to Plato, knowledge is a form of remembrance of knowledge possessed by the immortal immaterial psyche, but temporarily forgotten with each cycle of reincarnation. |
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| reductio ad absurdum argument |
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| An argument that purports to demonstrate the falsity of assumptions by demonstrating that they lead to false or absurd consequences. |
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| Theory that truth is relative to what any individual perceives or judges to be the case. |
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| Aristotle's hierarchical conception of nature, ranging from prime matter (pure potentiality) through increasing complex levels of natural substances to the unmoved mover (pure actuality) |
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| qualities that are merely the effects that physical objects produce in the sense organs of sentient beings, such as color, taste, and smell. |
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| According to Aristotle, the essential functional properties of animals. |
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| Professional teachers of rhetoric and logic in ancient Greece. |
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| According to Aristotle, the special objects of the individual senses, discernible by those senses alone (e.g., color is the special object of sight) |
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| form of science that employs explanations in terms of ends or goal states. |
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| ends or purposes of a separate being (such as God) |
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| ends or purposes inherent in natural processes. |
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| an early form of Greek medicine based upon religious beliefs and mystical practices. |
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| Common property of a class of particulars (e.g., redness, the common property of red things) |
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| According to Aristotle, the first cause or principle that is pure form and pure actuality, responsible for the actualization of all things. |
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