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| Aristotle: Part of soul that searches for essences or abstract concepts in empirical world. |
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| One of first Greek physicians to move away from supernatural to naturalistic medicine |
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| Plato: Individuals who live lives in accordance with shadows of reality from sensory experience, instead of true reality beyond senses. |
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| Analogy of the divided line |
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Plato: Hierarchy of understanding
1. Images of empirical objects
2. Empirical objects
3. Mathematical principles
4. Forms - true knowledge |
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| Infinite number of elements (seeds) from which everything is made. Everything is made up of all the elements, identity determined by predominance. |
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"Infinite" or "boundless" physis that makes up everything.
People came from fish |
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| Everything in nature is alive |
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| Projection of human attributes on nonhuman beings |
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| Sensory experience is basis of all knowledge. Everything in nature has purpose that determines potential. Active reason provides humans with greatest potential. Unmoved mover that caused everything in world. |
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| Mental phenomena, such as learning, remembering, and imagining, can be explained in terms of the laws of association. |
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| Heraclitus: State of everything in the universe; nothing is static and unchanging; rather, everything in the universe is dynamic and changing. |
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| Something that is unchanging and thus, in principle, is capable of being known with certainty. |
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| Aristotle: faculty located in the heart that synthesizes info from five senses. |
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| The study of the origin, structure, and processes governing the universe. |
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| Atoms are the physis. Everything in nature made up of atoms. Had first completely materialistic view of the world and of humans. |
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| Dionysiac-Orphic religion |
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| Religion whose major belief was the soul is prisoner of the body because of transgression committed by the soul. After purged of sin, it can escape from body and return to gods. |
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| Aristotle: experience of images retained from waking experience. Bizarre because unorganized by rational powers or ongoing sensory experience. |
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| Aristotle: The force that transforms a thing |
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| Tiny replication emanating from surface of things in the environment, that lets them be perceived. |
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| Complex processes can be understood by studying the elements they are made up of |
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| Four basic elements are earth, fire air, and water, and make up everything. Love and strife sysnthesize and separate the elements. Also had theory of evolution and theory of perception |
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| Aristotle: reason a thing exists, remains a potential until actualized. |
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| Indispensable characteristics of a thing that give it its unique identity. |
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| Aristotle: The purpose for which things exist |
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| Aristotle: The form of a thing |
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| Plato: pure, abstract realities that are unchanging and timeless and therefore knowable. |
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| Associated each of Hippocrates' four humors with a temperament, thus creating a rudimentary theory of personality. |
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| Aristotle: rule people should follow to avoid excesses and live life of moderation |
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| Sophist who believed only reality a person can experience is his subjective reality and can never be accurately communicated to another individual |
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| Suggested fire as the physis because in its presence nothing remains the same. View world as in constant state of flux - becoming |
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| Father of modern medicine, assumed disease had natural causes. Idea of four humors that keep body healthy when they are in balance |
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| Aristotle: pondering of the images retained from past experiences |
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| Socrates: Examines many individual examples of a concept to discover what they all have in common |
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| Careful examination of one's inner experiences |
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| Aristotle: Thoughts of something will tend to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it |
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| Aristotle: Thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of opposite things |
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| Aristotle: thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of similar things |
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| Aristotle: What a thing is made of |
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| What is considered true varies from person to person, there is not Truth, only truths. Sophists were one branch. |
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| Religion based on belief in the Olympian gods, tended to be favored by the privileged classes. |
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| Believed world was solid, fixed, and motionless, so all apparent change or motion is illusion |
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| Aristotle: Practical utilization of info provided by common sense. |
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| Those who search for or postulate a physis |
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| A primary substance or element from which everything is derived |
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| Disciple of Socrates, came under influence of Pythagoreans, postulated idea of forms. Sensory experience interferes with attainment of knowledge. |
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| Sophist who taught that "Man is the measure of all things." Truth varies with personal experiences, so no objective truth. |
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| Believed in abstract world of numbers. Dualistic view of humans, thought human soul was immortal |
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| Aristotle: Soul possessed only by humans. Allows both passive and active reason |
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| Aristotle: Active mental search for recollection of past experiences. |
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| Attempt to explain objects in one domain by using terminology, concepts, laws, or principles from another domain. |
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| Reminiscence theory of knowledge |
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| Plato: knowledge is attained by remembering experiences soul had when it dwelled among the forms before entering the body |
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| Aristotle: nature is arranged in a hierarchy from formless matter to unmoved mover. |
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| Soul possessed by animals. Provides ability to interact with the environment and retain the information gained from the interaction. |
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| Disagreed with Sophists's idea that there is no discernible truth beyond individual opinion. |
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| Belief that nature is purposive. |
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| Often called first philosopher because he emphasized natural explanations. Thought to have started Golden Age of Greek philosophy. Thought water was the physis |
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| Transmigration of the soul |
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| Dionysiac-Orphic belief that soul is confined to earthly body as prison because of transgression. Stuck until it is purified. |
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| Aristotle: What gave nature its purpose, or final cause, but was itself uncaused. |
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| Soul possessed by plants. Allows only growth, intake of nutrition, and reproduction. |
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| Believed people created gods in their own image. |
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| Assertion that in order for an object to pass from point A to point b, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half of the remaining distance, and so forth. Because this process must occur an infinite number of times, an object could logically never reach point B. |
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