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History of Psychology
Rationalism through Neobehaviorism
68
Psychology
Graduate
11/15/2010

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Term
Rationalism
Definition
Philosophical standpoint that states the mind is active and rational. Organism gets info through transformations of hypothetical structures and science uncovers new information through deduction.
Term
Empiricism
Definition
Philosophical standpoint that states the mind is passive and hedonistic. Organisms get info through the senses and science uncovers new information through induction.
Term
Baruch Spinoza
Definition
Philosopher(1632-1677). Animist, pantheist, double-aspectist, determinist, empiricist (hedonistic motivation).
Term
Baruch Spinoza
Definition
Philosopher(1632-1677). Believed in the survival of the mind as an organism's central motivation. Differentiated between emotions (linked to thoughts, adaptive), and passions (maladaptive)
Term
Gottfried Willhelm von Leibniz
Definition
Philosopher (1646-1716). Rationalist. Everything in the universe has a "monad" or mind which is driven towards clear thought. Complex organisms like humans are composed of many primitive monads.
Term
Gottfried Willhelm von Leibniz
Definition
Philosopher (1646-1716). First to introduce the concept of the unconscious and the threshold (limen). Believed in a form of paralellism called "pre-established harmony."
Term
Thomas Reid
Definition
Philosopher (1710-1796). A semi-rationalist. Believed reality is real because we experience it. The end. Thought was not necessary to understand the world, only emotions. This is called Direct Realism
Term
Thomas Reid
Definition
Philosopher (1710-1796). Believed in direct realism and Faculty Psychology (the innate faculties of attention, memory, perception, and reason make up the human mind).
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
Philosopher (1724-1804). Disliked Hume's extreme skepticism, hedonism, and relativism. Tried to find a priori universal truths that he called "categories of thought."
Term
Kant's categories of thought (truths he thought were independent of experience)
Definition
Unity, totality, cause and effect, quantity, quality, negation, possibility/impossibility, existence/non-existence
Term
Noumena
Definition
Kant's word for "knowing something in itself." According to him this is impossible because our categories of thought must first filter things.
Term
Johann Herbart
Definition
Philosopher (1776-1841). Empiricist, but hypothesized Psychic Mechanics (analogous to physics). Introduced idea that psychological events could be quantified by science. Also promoted threshold and unconscious.
Term
Johann Herbart
Definition
Philosopher (1776-1841). Believed that ideas (forming the apperceptive mass) moved from unconsciousness, across the Limen, to consciousness to clarity. Ideas stuck unconscious are repressed.
Term
Gerog Hegel
Definition
Philosopher (1770-1831). Universe must be studied as The Absolute. Precursor to the ecological perspective. Believed in Kant's categories of thought, and proposed the dialectic process to explain them.
Term
Romanticism
Definition
Philosophy that arose in opposition to the empiricism and rationalism. Emphasizes irrational feelings, intuitions, instincts, and emotions.
Term
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Definition
Philosopher (1712-1778). Write Emile that argued the need for feeling over reason because reason is anti-God.
Term
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Definition
Philosopher (1712-1778). First impulses are always correct. Lead people to be peaceful, content, and equal. Bad stuff was caused by socialization and reason. When governed, people must choose to act on their "general will" rather than their "free will."
Term
Arthur Schopenhauer
Definition
Philosopher (1788-1860). Romanticist. Agreed with Kant's distinction between noumenal and conscious world. Motivation was caused by the will to survive.
Term
Arthur Schopenhauer
Definition
Philosopher (1788-1860). 'You suffer from one thing to another (if you don't suffer you are bored), and then you die.' Only intellectual diversion can make life suck less.
Term
Existentialism
Definition
Philosophical standpoint that arose in opposition to empiricism and rationalism. Emphasized freedom of choice and individuality.
Term
Soren Kierkegard
Definition
Philosopher (1813-1855). Existentialist. Emotion leads to truth. Used Socratic method. Emphasized God as a "leap of faith."
Term
Soren Kierkegard
Definition
Philosopher (1813-1855). People move towards personal freedom through the esthetic stage (all emotion, no choice), the ethical stage (acquiring intellect and choice), and the religious stage (choosing religion).
Term
Friedrich Nietzche
Definition
Philosopher (1844-1900). Appollonian (rational) vs Dionysian (irrational) minds. Combining the two leads to a Life of Controlled Passion.
Term
Freidrich Nitzche
Definition
Philosopher (1844-1900). Emphasized insignificance of human species, and the importance of finding subjective meaning in one's life. Truth is subjective
Term
Freidrich Nitzche
Definition
Philosopher (1844-1900). The "will to power" is peoples' motivation (rather than hedonism or fear of death). The superman achieves most power by self actualization.
Term
Bell-Magendie Law
Definition
Law, arising from physiological psychology, that says there are exactly two kinds of nerves: sensory and motor.
Term
Johannes Muller
Definition
Physiologist (1801-1858). Identified 5 sensory nerves. Developed Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies and Adequate Stimulation.
Term
Johannes Muller
Definition
Physiologist (1801-1858). Nervous System was Kant's Categories of Thought. Believed in Vitalism.
Term
Galvani
Definition
Physiologist (1737-1798). Found that the body worked by electricity, but though electricity was a Vital force, not a natural one (Frog sciatic nerve experiment).
Term
Alessandro Volta
Definition
Physiologist (1745-1827). Associate of Galvani's. Demonstrated electricity was natural, not Vital.
Term
Emil du Bois-Reymond
Definition
Physiologist (1818-1896). Found positive and negative charges in nerve tissue.
Term
Hermann von Helmholtz
Definition
Physiologist (1821-1894). Materialist, determinist. Anti-vitalist. Measured rate of nerve conduction.
Term
Hermann von Helmholtz
Definition
Physiologist (1821-1894). Trichromatic theory of color vision. (Young-_ theory). Also developed Place Theory of Auditory Perception, expanding specific nerve engeries to the auditory system.
Term
Ewald Hering
Definition
Physiologist (1834-1918). Developed opponent-process theory of color vision. Was later combined with Young-Helmholtz theory.
Term
Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim
Definition
Two physiologists (turn of the century). Developed and espoused Phrenology.
Term
Jean Pierre Flourens
Definition
Physiologist (1794-1867). Discredited Phrenology through brain lesion experiments.
Term
Paul Broca
Definition
Physiologist (1824-1880). Through a brain lesion patient, found a region of the brain essential to speech.
Term
Carl Wernicke
Definition
Physiologist (1848-1905). Discovered a brain region responsible for meaningful speech.
Term
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
Definition
Physiologists (turn of the century). Found parts of the brain responsible for movement.
Term
David Ferrier
Definition
Physiologist (1843-1924). Found the somatosensory region of the brain.
Term
Ernst Weber
Definition
Physiologist (1795-1878). Studied touch and kenesthetics. Discovered the JND and had a law named after him.
Term
Gustav Fechner
Definition
Physiologist (1801-1887). Dual-aspectist. Found a logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and sensory experience. Created psychophysics.
Term
William James
Definition
Philosopher (1842-1920). Pragmatist and radical empiricist. Depressed by detrminism, but came out of it when he decided that Charles Renouvier had proven the existence of free will.
Term
William James
Definition
Philosopher (1842-1920). Pragmatist. Proto-radical behaviorist. Distinguished between instincts and habits.
Term
William James' theory of Personality
Definition
Empirical Self composed of material self, social self, and spiritual self. Self esteem=success/pretensions. Created a theory of emotions with Lange: emotions evoke physiological responses.
Term
Ideo-motor theory of behavior
Definition
Proposed by William James, this theory states that voluntary behavior results from attending to one thought out of many.
Term
Hugo Munsterberg
Definition
Psychologist (1863-1916). Created clinical, industrial, and forensic psychology in order to strengthen the application of the field.
Term
Mary Calkins
Definition
Psychologist (1863-1930). Early female psychologist. Developed paired-associates, recency and primacy, and personality theory.
Term
Granville Stanley Hall
Definition
Psychologist (1844-1924). First psych lab in the US at Hopkins. Founder of APA, and recapitulation theory (individual's recreation of evolution).
Term
Francis Sumner
Definition
Psychologits (1895-1954). Student of Hall. First black American to get a psych PhD.
Term
Kenneth Clark
Definition
Psychologist (1914-2005). Student of Sumner. First black president of APA.
Term
John Dewey
Definition
Psychologist (1859-1952). Founder of functionalism. Published "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." Applied Stream of Consciousness to behavior.
Term
James Angell
Definition
Psychologist (1869-1949). Contrasted structuralism and functionalism. Stressed the mind-body relationship.
Term
Harvey Carr
Definition
Psychologist(1873-1954). Created Adaptive Act principle by applying functionalism to learning theory.
Term
James Cattell
Definition
Psychologist (1860-1944). Follower of Galton. Developed mental tests at Columbia.
Term
Robert Woodworth
Definition
Psychologist (1869-1962). Developed Dynamic Psychology. Developed SOR theory. Differentiated between mechanism (topography) and drive (consequence).
Term
Edward Thorndike
Definition
Psychologist (1874-1949). Primarily animal study. Used puzzle boxes. S-R and connectionism between neural bond and environment through experience.
Term
Thorndike's Learning Theory
Definition
Law of exercise: Law of use (practice), law of disuse (extiction w/o consequence, later disproved). Law of effect (protoreinforcement)
Term
Ivan Sechenov
Definition
Russian Objective Psychologist (1829-1905). Radical associationist and materialist. Everything was "reflexive."
Term
Pavlov
Definition
Physiologist (1849-1936). Influenced by Thorndike, uncovered many laws governing what would come to be known as respondent behavior while performing physiological observations.
Term
Vladimir Bechterev
Definition
Russian objective psychologist (1857-1927). Emphasized importance of studying interaction between organism and environment.
Term
John Watson
Definition
Original behaviorist (1878-1958). Found rats use kenesthetic sense the most. Wrote "Psychologist as the Behaviorist Views It."
Term
Watson's three basic emotions
Definition
Fear, rage, love.
Term
William McDougall
Definition
Methodological Behaviorist (1871-1938). Believed mental events could be studied behavioristically. Believed in "purposive behavior" (operant class-ish).
Term
McDougall's conception of instincts
Definition
Distinguishing between Perception, Behavior, Emotion. Multiple instincts form "sentiments."
Term
Edward Tolman
Definition
Early methodological behaviorist (1886-1959). Logical positivist. Internal states are "intervening variables." Believed learning always occurs instantly.
Term
Clark Hull
Definition
Methodological behaviorist (1884-1952). Thought intervening variables were physiological. Hypothetico-deductive theory: Reinforcement, habit strength, reaction potential.
Term
Edwin Guthrie
Definition
Methodological behaviorist (1886-1959). One-trial learning, reinforcement, punishment.
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