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| Philosophical standpoint that states the mind is active and rational. Organism gets info through transformations of hypothetical structures and science uncovers new information through deduction. |
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| Philosophical standpoint that states the mind is passive and hedonistic. Organisms get info through the senses and science uncovers new information through induction. |
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| Philosopher(1632-1677). Animist, pantheist, double-aspectist, determinist, empiricist (hedonistic motivation). |
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| Philosopher(1632-1677). Believed in the survival of the mind as an organism's central motivation. Differentiated between emotions (linked to thoughts, adaptive), and passions (maladaptive) |
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| Gottfried Willhelm von Leibniz |
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| Philosopher (1646-1716). Rationalist. Everything in the universe has a "monad" or mind which is driven towards clear thought. Complex organisms like humans are composed of many primitive monads. |
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| Gottfried Willhelm von Leibniz |
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| Philosopher (1646-1716). First to introduce the concept of the unconscious and the threshold (limen). Believed in a form of paralellism called "pre-established harmony." |
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| Philosopher (1710-1796). A semi-rationalist. Believed reality is real because we experience it. The end. Thought was not necessary to understand the world, only emotions. This is called Direct Realism |
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| Philosopher (1710-1796). Believed in direct realism and Faculty Psychology (the innate faculties of attention, memory, perception, and reason make up the human mind). |
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| Philosopher (1724-1804). Disliked Hume's extreme skepticism, hedonism, and relativism. Tried to find a priori universal truths that he called "categories of thought." |
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| Kant's categories of thought (truths he thought were independent of experience) |
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| Unity, totality, cause and effect, quantity, quality, negation, possibility/impossibility, existence/non-existence |
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| Kant's word for "knowing something in itself." According to him this is impossible because our categories of thought must first filter things. |
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| Philosopher (1776-1841). Empiricist, but hypothesized Psychic Mechanics (analogous to physics). Introduced idea that psychological events could be quantified by science. Also promoted threshold and unconscious. |
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| Philosopher (1776-1841). Believed that ideas (forming the apperceptive mass) moved from unconsciousness, across the Limen, to consciousness to clarity. Ideas stuck unconscious are repressed. |
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| Philosopher (1770-1831). Universe must be studied as The Absolute. Precursor to the ecological perspective. Believed in Kant's categories of thought, and proposed the dialectic process to explain them. |
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| Philosophy that arose in opposition to the empiricism and rationalism. Emphasizes irrational feelings, intuitions, instincts, and emotions. |
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| Philosopher (1712-1778). Write Emile that argued the need for feeling over reason because reason is anti-God. |
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| Philosopher (1712-1778). First impulses are always correct. Lead people to be peaceful, content, and equal. Bad stuff was caused by socialization and reason. When governed, people must choose to act on their "general will" rather than their "free will." |
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| Philosopher (1788-1860). Romanticist. Agreed with Kant's distinction between noumenal and conscious world. Motivation was caused by the will to survive. |
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| Philosopher (1788-1860). 'You suffer from one thing to another (if you don't suffer you are bored), and then you die.' Only intellectual diversion can make life suck less. |
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| Philosophical standpoint that arose in opposition to empiricism and rationalism. Emphasized freedom of choice and individuality. |
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| Philosopher (1813-1855). Existentialist. Emotion leads to truth. Used Socratic method. Emphasized God as a "leap of faith." |
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| Philosopher (1813-1855). People move towards personal freedom through the esthetic stage (all emotion, no choice), the ethical stage (acquiring intellect and choice), and the religious stage (choosing religion). |
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| Philosopher (1844-1900). Appollonian (rational) vs Dionysian (irrational) minds. Combining the two leads to a Life of Controlled Passion. |
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| Philosopher (1844-1900). Emphasized insignificance of human species, and the importance of finding subjective meaning in one's life. Truth is subjective |
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| Philosopher (1844-1900). The "will to power" is peoples' motivation (rather than hedonism or fear of death). The superman achieves most power by self actualization. |
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| Law, arising from physiological psychology, that says there are exactly two kinds of nerves: sensory and motor. |
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| Physiologist (1801-1858). Identified 5 sensory nerves. Developed Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies and Adequate Stimulation. |
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| Physiologist (1801-1858). Nervous System was Kant's Categories of Thought. Believed in Vitalism. |
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| Physiologist (1737-1798). Found that the body worked by electricity, but though electricity was a Vital force, not a natural one (Frog sciatic nerve experiment). |
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| Physiologist (1745-1827). Associate of Galvani's. Demonstrated electricity was natural, not Vital. |
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| Physiologist (1818-1896). Found positive and negative charges in nerve tissue. |
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| Physiologist (1821-1894). Materialist, determinist. Anti-vitalist. Measured rate of nerve conduction. |
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| Physiologist (1821-1894). Trichromatic theory of color vision. (Young-_ theory). Also developed Place Theory of Auditory Perception, expanding specific nerve engeries to the auditory system. |
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| Physiologist (1834-1918). Developed opponent-process theory of color vision. Was later combined with Young-Helmholtz theory. |
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| Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim |
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| Two physiologists (turn of the century). Developed and espoused Phrenology. |
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| Physiologist (1794-1867). Discredited Phrenology through brain lesion experiments. |
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| Physiologist (1824-1880). Through a brain lesion patient, found a region of the brain essential to speech. |
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| Physiologist (1848-1905). Discovered a brain region responsible for meaningful speech. |
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| Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig |
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| Physiologists (turn of the century). Found parts of the brain responsible for movement. |
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| Physiologist (1843-1924). Found the somatosensory region of the brain. |
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| Physiologist (1795-1878). Studied touch and kenesthetics. Discovered the JND and had a law named after him. |
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| Physiologist (1801-1887). Dual-aspectist. Found a logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and sensory experience. Created psychophysics. |
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| Philosopher (1842-1920). Pragmatist and radical empiricist. Depressed by detrminism, but came out of it when he decided that Charles Renouvier had proven the existence of free will. |
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| Philosopher (1842-1920). Pragmatist. Proto-radical behaviorist. Distinguished between instincts and habits. |
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| William James' theory of Personality |
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| Empirical Self composed of material self, social self, and spiritual self. Self esteem=success/pretensions. Created a theory of emotions with Lange: emotions evoke physiological responses. |
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| Ideo-motor theory of behavior |
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| Proposed by William James, this theory states that voluntary behavior results from attending to one thought out of many. |
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| Psychologist (1863-1916). Created clinical, industrial, and forensic psychology in order to strengthen the application of the field. |
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| Psychologist (1863-1930). Early female psychologist. Developed paired-associates, recency and primacy, and personality theory. |
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| Psychologist (1844-1924). First psych lab in the US at Hopkins. Founder of APA, and recapitulation theory (individual's recreation of evolution). |
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| Psychologits (1895-1954). Student of Hall. First black American to get a psych PhD. |
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| Psychologist (1914-2005). Student of Sumner. First black president of APA. |
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| Psychologist (1859-1952). Founder of functionalism. Published "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." Applied Stream of Consciousness to behavior. |
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| Psychologist (1869-1949). Contrasted structuralism and functionalism. Stressed the mind-body relationship. |
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| Psychologist(1873-1954). Created Adaptive Act principle by applying functionalism to learning theory. |
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| Psychologist (1860-1944). Follower of Galton. Developed mental tests at Columbia. |
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| Psychologist (1869-1962). Developed Dynamic Psychology. Developed SOR theory. Differentiated between mechanism (topography) and drive (consequence). |
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| Psychologist (1874-1949). Primarily animal study. Used puzzle boxes. S-R and connectionism between neural bond and environment through experience. |
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| Thorndike's Learning Theory |
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| Law of exercise: Law of use (practice), law of disuse (extiction w/o consequence, later disproved). Law of effect (protoreinforcement) |
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| Russian Objective Psychologist (1829-1905). Radical associationist and materialist. Everything was "reflexive." |
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| Physiologist (1849-1936). Influenced by Thorndike, uncovered many laws governing what would come to be known as respondent behavior while performing physiological observations. |
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| Russian objective psychologist (1857-1927). Emphasized importance of studying interaction between organism and environment. |
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| Original behaviorist (1878-1958). Found rats use kenesthetic sense the most. Wrote "Psychologist as the Behaviorist Views It." |
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| Watson's three basic emotions |
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| Methodological Behaviorist (1871-1938). Believed mental events could be studied behavioristically. Believed in "purposive behavior" (operant class-ish). |
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| McDougall's conception of instincts |
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| Distinguishing between Perception, Behavior, Emotion. Multiple instincts form "sentiments." |
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| Early methodological behaviorist (1886-1959). Logical positivist. Internal states are "intervening variables." Believed learning always occurs instantly. |
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| Methodological behaviorist (1884-1952). Thought intervening variables were physiological. Hypothetico-deductive theory: Reinforcement, habit strength, reaction potential. |
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| Methodological behaviorist (1886-1959). One-trial learning, reinforcement, punishment. |
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