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| Tracing those people, ideas, events that led to what is important now |
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| study of the past for its own sake without attempting to show relationship to the present |
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| historical development approach |
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| showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years |
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| using whatever approach seems best able to illuminate an aspect of history |
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| Believes that mental operations or principles must be employed before knowledge can be attained |
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| Believes that the source of all knowledge is sensory observation |
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| If propositions tested experimentally are confirmed, the theory gains strength. If not, the theory loses strength. |
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| A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events |
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| No secret knowledge available only to authorities. |
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| Disagreed with traditional Science. disagreed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation. Thought it started with a problem. Saw Scientific Method Having 3 stages- problems, theories, criticism. |
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| Principle of Falsifiability |
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| A scientific theory must be refutable. |
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| Predictions that run the risk of being incorrect. |
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| explaining the phenomena after they have already occurred. (a problem) It should be "prediction" |
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| Took realistic approach, had idea of scientific paradigms |
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| A widely accepted viewpoint |
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| Once a paradigm is accepted the activities of those accepting it become a matter of exploring the implications of that paradigm |
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| Kuhn likened normal science to this: have an absurd solution and there are rules that limit solutions and steps to take |
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| What a paradigm goes through during which a number of competing viewpoints exist |
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| the belief that everything that occurs does so because of known or knowable causes, and that if these causes were known in advance, an event could be predicted with complete accuracy. Also, if the causes of an event were known, the event could be prevented by preventing its causes. Thus, the knowledge of an event's causes allows the prediction and control of the event. |
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| The type of determinism that stresses the biochemical, genetic, physiological, or anatomical causes of behavior. |
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| Anyone who believes that there are two aspects to humans, one physical and one mental. |
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| The contention that mental processes emerge from brain processes. The interactionist form claims that once mental states emerge, they can influence subsequent brain activity and thus behavior. The epiphenomenalist form claims that emergent mental states are behaviorally irrelevant. |
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| The direct observation of that which is being studied in order to understand it. |
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| The belief that the basis of all knowledge is experience. |
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| The form of emergentism that states that mental events emerge from brain activity but that mental events are subsequently behaviorally irrelevant. |
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| The study of the nature of knowledge |
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| The study of the past for its own sake, without attempting to interpret and evaluate it in terms of current knowledge and standards, as is the case with presentism. |
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| Those who believe that ultimate reality consists of ideas of perceptions and is therefore not physical. |
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| The contention that even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty. This contention is also called Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. |
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| A proposed answer to the mind-body problem maintaining that bodily experiences influence the mind and that the mind influences the body. |
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| Any explanation of human behavior stressing determinates that are not under rational control -- for example, explanations that emphasize the importance of emotions or unconscious mechanisms |
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| Those who believe that everything in the universe is material (physical), including those things that others refer to as mental. |
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| The belief that the behavior of organisms, including humans, can be explained entirely in terms of mechanical laws. |
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| Those who believe that there is only one reality. Materialists are this because they believe that only matter exists. Idealists are also this because they believe that everything, including the "material" world, is the result of human consciousness and is therefore mental. |
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| The belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically. |
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| Anyone who believes that important human attributes such as intelligence are largely inherited. |
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| The belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events |
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| The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God. |
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| The belief that bodily events and mental events are separate but correlated because both were designed to run identical courses. |
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| Interpreting and evaluating historical events in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards. |
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| Principle of falsifiability |
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| Popper's contention that for a theory to be considered scientific it must specify the observations that if made would refute the theory. To be considered scientific, a theory must make risky predictions. |
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| Psychophysical Parallelism |
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| The contention that experiencing something in the physical world causes bodily and mental activity simultaneously and that the two types of activities are independent of each other. |
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| The philosophical belief that knowledge can be attained only by engaging in some type of systematic mental activity. |
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| The belief that abstractions for which we have names have an existence independent of their names. |
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| The belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives the search of universal truths that exist independently of human experience must be in vain. There is no Truth, only truths. |
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| Sociocultural determinism |
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| The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations, or expectations as the causes of behavior. |
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| The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry |
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| The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. For this type of philosopher, life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself. For there to be life, there must be a life force present. |
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