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Definition
| Led to the movement and fascination with mechanism |
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| the doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry |
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| the doctrine that acts are determined by the past |
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| explains phenomenom on one leverl (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomonema ( such as simple ideas) of another level |
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| hilosophers and scientists of the time believed that this kind of clockwork techonology migth fulfill their dreams of creating an artificial being. Many of the early automata gives evidence to this, defecatin duck and the flut eplayer, which is another reason why people thought of people to be machnaistic |
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| Contribution of Descartes: Mind-body problem |
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Definition
| the question of the distinction between the mental and physical qualities |
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| Contribution of Descartes: His position |
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Definition
| the mind influences the body but the body exerts a greater influence on the mind than previously supposed. The relationship is not only in one direction. The outcome was that methods of inquary shifted from subjective metaphysical analysis to objective observation and experimentation. |
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| Contribution of Descartes:reflex action theory |
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Definition
| the idea that an external object (stimulus) can bring about involentary response |
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| Contribution of Descartes:reflex action theory |
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Definition
| the idea that an external object (stimulus) can bring about involentary response |
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Term
| Contribution of Descartes: Derived ideas and innate ideas |
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Definition
| derived ideas are produced by a direct application of an external stimulus and innate ideas arise from the mind or conciousness, independent of sensory experiences or external stimuli |
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| Contribution of Descartes: Noteworthy Systematic contributoins |
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Definition
-mechanistic concpecpt of the body
-the theory of rflex action
-the mind body interaction
-localization of mental functions in the brain
-the doctrine of innate ideas |
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Definition
| Idea of Auguste Comte and claimed it as the doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable |
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| the doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physcial terms by the exsistance of nature and matter |
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| John Locke (1632-1704): simple and complex ideas |
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Definition
| simple ideas are elemental ideas that arise from sensation and flection; complex ideas are derived that are compounded of simple ideas and thus can be analysized or ruduced to their simplier components |
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| John Locke (1632-1704): Association |
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Definition
| the notion that knowledge results from linking or associating simple ideas to form complex ideas |
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| John Locke (1632-1704): Primary and secondary qualities |
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Definition
| primary qualities are characteristics such as shape that exist in an object whether or no we percieve them; secondary qualities such as color and oder that exist in our perception of the object |
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| George Berkeley (1685-1753): Mentalism |
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Definition
| the doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on precieveing or experiencing person |
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| David Hume (1711-1779): resemblance |
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Definition
| the notion that the more alike two thing are the more readily they will be associated |
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| David Hume (1711-1779): Continguity |
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Definition
| the notion that the more closely two ideas are in time or place the more readily they will be associated |
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Definition
| the notion that the more frequently two ideas occure otgether the more readily they will be associated |
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| John Stuart Mill: Creative synthesis |
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Definition
| the notion that complex ideas formed from simples ideas take on new qualities |
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Definition
| a technique for determining the functions of the brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior chasnges |
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Definition
| Posthumous examination of brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that exsisted before the person died. |
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| Ernst Weber (1795-1878): two-point threshold |
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Definition
| the threshold at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished as such. The apparatus where he look and tried to determine the point at which the pin crossed a line. |
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Term
| Just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| the smallest difference that caN Be dectected between two physical stimuli |
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Term
| Fechner (1801-1887): absolute threshold |
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Definition
| the point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced |
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| Fechner (1801-1887): Differential threshold |
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Definition
| the point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in sensation |
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Term
| Fechner (1801-1887): Psychophysics |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the mental nad physical processes |
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| Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920): Cultural psychology |
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Definition
| defined as the various stages of human mental development as manifested in language, art, myths, social customs, law, and morals |
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| Wundt (1832-1920): Voluntarism |
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Definition
| the idea that the mind has the capacity to organize mental contents into higher level thought processes |
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Term
| Wundt (1832-1920): mediate and immediate experinces |
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Definition
| mediate experince provides information about something other than the elements of that experience; immediate experience is unbiased by interpretation |
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Term
| Wundt (1832-1920): introspection |
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Definition
| examination of one's own mind to inspect and report personal thoughts or feelings |
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Term
| Wundt (1832-1920): tridementional theory of feelins |
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Definition
| explanation for feeling states based on three dimensions: pleasure/ displeasure, tension/ relaxation, excitment/ depression |
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Term
| Wundt (1832-1920): apperception |
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Definition
| the process by which mental processes are organized |
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Term
| Herman Ebbinhaus (1850-1909): nonsense syllables |
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Definition
| syllables presented in a meaningless seires to study memory processes |
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Term
| Franz Brentano (1838-1917): act psychology |
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Definition
| focused on mental activities (seeing ect.) rather than on mental content (that which we are seeing) |
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Term
| Franz Brentano (1838-1917): advancement in two ways |
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Definition
| through memory and through imagination |
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Term
| Carl Stumpf (1848-1936): Phenomenology |
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Definition
| introspective method that examined experiences as it occure and did not try to reduce experience to elementary components. Also, an approach to knowledge based on an unbiased description of immedaite experiences as it occurs, not analyzed or reduced to elements |
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| Oswald Kulpe (1862-1915): systematic experimental introspection |
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Definition
| his method that used retrospective reports of subjects' cognitive processes after they had completed an experimental task. |
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| Oswald Kulpe (1862-1915): imageless thought |
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Definition
| thoughts can occur without a particular sensory or imaginal content. |
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Term
| Titchener (1896-1927): stimulus error |
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Definition
| confusing the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed |
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Term
| Titchener (1867-1927): three essential problems for psychology |
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Definition
| 1. to reduce concious processes to their simplest component 2. to determine laws by whcih these elements of conciousness were associated and 3. to connect their elements with ther physiological conditions |
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Term
| Titchener (1867-1927): fundamental elements to sensation |
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Definition
-quality
-intensity
-duration
-clearness |
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