Term
| Contextual forces influencing psy |
|
Definition
| War, Prejudice, Economic opportunity, Zeitgeist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The principles, methods, and philosophical issues of historical research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all natural processes are mechanically determined and can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry. Dominated 17 - 19th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts are caused by past events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomena can be explained by reduction to their basic components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanistic conception of the body, theory of reflex action, mind body interaction, localization of mental functions in the brain, doctrine of innate ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur from the immediate application of an external stimulus like sound of bell. Products of experiences of the senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from within the mind rather than the senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 19th century Comte, the doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter. Consciousness explained in terms of physics and chemistry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contrasts Descartes nativism (innate knowledge). Says all knowledge is from sensory experience. |
|
|
Term
| An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
|
Definition
| Book by Locke that started empiricism in Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He rejected existence of innate ideas. Any innateness is due to early learning and habit. All knowledge empirically derived. Tabula Rasa. Sensation & Reflection. Simple & Complex ideas. Primary and secondary qualities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| input from external physical objects experienced as sense impressions on the mind (Locke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mind operates on the senses impressions to produce ideas (Locke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from either sensation or reflection. Cannot be reduced to simpler ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creation of new ideas through reflection. Combination of simple ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective, exist independently of being perceived (Locke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective, exist in experience of the object (color, odor, sound, taste) (Locke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception is the only reality. Primary qualities do not exist if not perceived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mentalist like berkeley but disagreed with the God part. May or may not be a real world. Impressions, ideas, and laws of association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resemblance: similarity, contiguity in time or place, cause and effect (experienced sequentially) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
association by contiguity: hartleys basic law because it explains everything
law of association by repetition. Nerves like tubes that vibrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goal to destroy the idea of subjective or psychic activities. Like a clock, passive and acted on by external stimuli and operated by internal physical forces no place for free will. Forerunner to Skinners behaviorism. Mental elements: sensations and ideas. Mechanistic all the way. Complex ideas due to contiguity alone; association. No creative function of the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental Chemistry: complex ideas are more than the sum of simple ideas. Creative synthesis: a combination of mental elements always produces some distinct quality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| field devoted to factors that influence development of personality (John Mill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| David Kinnebrook was an assistent to Nevil Maskelyne who was englands royal astronomer. Kinnebrook recorder slower times for a star to travel and was fired. Bessel later reviewed and found differences were due to individual perception. Among scientists called “the personal equation” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advocate of experimental method wrote handbook of the physiology of mankind. Specific energies of nerves doctrine: each sensory nerve has its own specific energy and results in characteristic sensation. Found localized functions within the nervous system and pinpoints periphery sensory receptor mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulated nerve endings of dead things to watch different movements
voluntary movement: cerebreum
reflex movement: spinal cord
involuntary movement: direct muscle stimulation
respiratory: medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used extirpation: a technique for determining the function of a given part of an animals brain by removing it or destroying and observing changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinical method by posthumous examination. Speech center in cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical stimulation of human brain with weak currents to observe motor responses in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used clinical method to map brain and white and gray matter, nerve fibers from each side of brain, and fibers connecting the two hemispheres; phrenology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nature of nerve impulse is electrical. Severed criminal heads to show muscle movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direction of travel for brain and spinal cord nerve functions. Won nobel prize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| students of johannes Muller. Physics can explain everything. Union of materialism, mechanism, empiricism, experimentation, and measurement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experimental physiology established and recognized as a unique degree. Use of inductive method. German temperament of exactness and precision. Ready acceptance of biology as a science. Broad definition of a science. Freedom in research and teaching. Ecnouraged growth of universities and faculty positions. One could earn a living as a research scientist. Most advanced lab equipment. Publish or perish emphasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first empirical measurement of rate of conduction of neural impulse (90ft/sec) and suggested thought and movement are sequential. Reaction times for sensory nerves in humans, revised and extended theory of color vision, studied mechanism by which internal eye muscles focus the lens. Research on audition: perception of tones, nature of harmony and discord, problem of resonance. Cultivated experimental approach to study of physiological problems. Recognized importance of applied science. Work still cited in psychological texts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demonstrated utility of experimental methods as a means of studying psychological phenomena. JND, two point threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished as such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constant ratio for each sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantitative relationship between a mental sensation and material stimulus which was logarithmic. Effects of stimulus relative to amount of sensation that already exists. Crossed the border between mind and body empirically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point of sensitivity below which no sensations can be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of constant stimuli |
|
Definition
uses two constant stimuli: standard weight and comparison weight
goal is to measure the stimulus difference required to produce a judgment of the second weight as heavier, lighter, or equal to the first. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two stimuli presented and one increased or decreased until a difference detected
many trials used, differential thresholds averaged |
|
|
Term
| Journal of Philosophical Studies 1881 but changed to Journal of Psychological studies in 1906 |
|
Definition
| First psychological journal |
|
|
Term
| Preface to Principles of physiological psychology 1873-74 |
|
Definition
announced his goal to establish new discipline and was supported by zeitgeist
written based on his lectures while teaching 1st psy course at U of Heidelberg |
|
|
Term
| Contributions to the Theory of sensory perception |
|
Definition
| wundt: original experiments in home lab, offered proper methods for psych, term experimental psychology first used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will; power of will to organize mental contents into higher level thought processes. Emphasized the activity, not the elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated by past experience, involves interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unbiased by interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Observers must know when procedure will begin
Must be in state of readiness or strained attention
Observation must be repeated numerous times
Experimental conditions must be varied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analyze conscious processes into their basic elements (reductionism)
discover how these elements are synthesized or organized (mechanism)
determine the laws of connection governing the organization of elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulation of a sense organ leads to impulses that reach the brain. classified by intensity, duration, and sense modality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| along with sensations are simultaneous aspects of immediate experienced. subjective accompaniments of sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process by which mental elements are organized.
Leads to emergent qualities not merely the sum of the mental elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first to investigate learning and memory experimentally made study of associations objective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precurosor to gestalt, shared the goal of psych as a science (wundt)Empirical, direct opposition of Wundts view |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rejected study of the conscious experience. proper subject matter is mental activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accomplished musician, studied with Brentano, rival of Wundt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psych is psychology of facts of experience but dependent on the experiencing person |
|
|
