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History of Photography HA 369
Study Cards for my Summer UVic course
44
Art History
Undergraduate 3
05/16/2011

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Cards

Term
What does Photography mean?
Definition
The word photography derives from the Greek words phōs (genitive: phōtós) light, and gráphein, to write.
Term
Who coined the term Photography?
Definition
The word was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839.
Term
When was the first photograph created?
Definition
The first permanent photograph (later accidentally destroyed) was an image produced in 1826 [5] by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Term
Describe the Daguerre process?
Definition
He discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapour before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image. Bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. On January 7, 1839 Daguerre announced that he had invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the daguerreotype.
Term
Who discovered Fixer?
Definition
1839 he acquired a key improvement, an effective fixer, from John Herschel, the astronomer, who had previously showed that hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or now sodium thiosulfate) would dissolve silver salts.
Term
Talbot had invented the calotype process in 1840.
Definition
He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today.
Term
Camera Obscura
Definition
forerunner of the photographic camera. Originally a darkened
room in which observers could view images of outside subjects projected (upside
down) through a pinpoint light source onto a facing wall. Later this evolved into a portable box with an aperture, lens, mirror, and viewing screen.
Term
Negative
Definition
Any photographic image in which the tones are the reverse of those in the
original subject. Also, the film, plate, or paper exposed to light in a camera and
processed to make the negative image.
Term
Positive
Definition
a photographic image on any support or material in which the tonalities
and colours accord with those of the subject portrayed (as opposed to a negative, in which they are reversed). At times used interchangeably with print.
Term
Pinhole
Definition
A tiny aperture in a camera without a lens. Light passing through it forms
an inverted image on film or light‐sensitive paper or film.
Term
Cyanotype
Definition
print made by putting an object directly in contact with paper coated
with iron salts and potassium ferricyanide, then exposing them to light. The image is usually white on a blue ground.
Term
Daguerreotype
Definition
the first practical photographic process, in which an image is
formed on a copper plate coated with highly polished silver that is sensitized by
fumes of iodine to form a light sensitive coating of silver iodide. A unique work having no negative for replication.
Term
Collodion process
Definition
a wet‐plate process in which a negative is made by coating a glass plate with a light‐sensitive emulsion of collodion.
Term
Dry Collodion process:
Definition
a negative made by exposing a glass plate coated with silver halides suspended in gelatin. Called dry to distinguish it from wet‐collodion plates.
Allows the plate to be exposed and developed at a later time but requires a much longer exposure.
Term
Calotype (also called Talbotype)
Definition
the first successful negative/positive process, patented in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot
Term
Collotype
Definition
uses a coated metal or glass plate resulting in a negative‐positive process
that allows the picture to be copied (includes Heliotype)
Term
Genre
Definition
a category of artistic composition characterized by similarities in form, style and subject matter
Term
Artifice
Definition
an artful rendition, a simulation or artificial creation, inventive,
mystical…etc.
Term
Aesthetic
Definition
beautiful, appreciating beauty, in relation to a set of visual and/or artistic principles
Term
Landscape
Definition
any picture made to represent the out‐of‐doors
Term
Pure Landscape
Definition
pictures that depict nature for its own sake
Term
The ‘golden age of landscape photography’
Definition
approx. 1865‐1890
Term
Albumen
Definition
Eggwhite. Used on glass as a medium for light‐sensitive emulsions to
make finely detailed negatives
Term
Gelatin Silver Print
Definition
a paper coated with an emulsion of gelatin and silver salts –
either silver bromide or silver chloride, or a mixture of both, called chloro‐bromide
Term
Naturalism
Definition
a realistic approach to art, based on contemporary science, not art
theory. The artist should translate exactly how the eye sees.
Term
Sublime
Definition
of such excellence, grandeur, and beauty as to inspire admiration and awe or even terror.
Term
Impressionism
Definition
a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s,
characterized by a concern for depicting the visual impression of the moment, esp. in terms of the shifting effects of light and colour.
Term
Pictorialism
Definition
a late 19th to early 20th century style that used diffused lighting, soft
focus lenses, and abstract backgrounds to make images look more like paintings
than photographs.
Term
Platinum Print
Definition
a print formed by exposing a negative in contact with paper
sensitized with iron salts and a platinum compound, then developing it with potassium oxide
Term
Pure Photography
Definition
plain prints made from plain negatives
Term
Photo‐Secession
Definition
a New York based group organized by Alfred Stieglitz to compel
“the serious recognition of photography as an additional medium of pictorial
expression.”
Term
Precisionist Photography
Definition
the American version of the ‘New Objectivity’ as practiced by European photographers.
Term
Group ƒ.64
Definition
a San Francisco based group that promoted ‘Precisionism’ through its advocacy of the large‐format view camera, small lens aperture (hence the name), and printing by contact print rather than enlarging.
Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 1 Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 087031

Title: Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads View: Poling the Marsh Hay

Creator: Emerson, Peter Henry Creation

Date: ca. 1885

Current Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York, USA Repository Number: 543.1967.17 Measurements: 23.6 x 29.1 cm

Material & Technique: photograph, platinum print Culture: English Culture: British Description:

plate XVII from album co-authored with Thomas F. Goodall, published in 1886  

Genre: Naturalism

Term
[image]
Definition
Slide: 2 Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 086584 Title: Children Creator: Levitt, Helen Creation Date: 1940 Current Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York, USA Measurements: 16.5 x 22.4 cm Material & Technique: photograph,
Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 3

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 259440

Title: Magnolia Bud

Creator: Cunningham, Imogen

Creation Date: 1929

Current Location: George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, USA Repository Number: 77:0760:0021 Measurements: 23.5 x 17.9 cm

Material & Technique:photograph, gelatin silver print Culture: American

 

Term
Lacock Abbey - Henry Fox Talbot
Definition
Slide: 4 Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 246079 Title: Lacock Abbey Creator: Talbot, William Henry Fox Creation Date: 1839 Current Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA Material & Technique: photograph, salted paper print Culture: English
Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 5

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 226717

Title: Shells and Fossils

Creator: Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mande

Creation Date: 1839

Material & Technique: photograph, daguerreotype

Culture: French

Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 6

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 081969

Title: View of the Boulevard du Temple

Creator: Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mande

Creation Date: 1839

Current Location: Stadtmuseum, Munich, Germany Material & Technique: photograph, daguerreotype

Culture: French

Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 7

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 054957 Title: Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico

Creator: Adams, Ansel Easton

Creation Date: 1941

Current Location: Newhall Collection, Rochester, New York, USA Material & Technique:photograph

Culture: American

Genre: f.64 Group

Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 8

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 259436

Title: Tomato Field

Creator: Weston, Edward

Creation Date: 1937

Current Location: George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, USA Repository Number: 74:0061:0072 Measurements: 19.1 x 24.1 cm

Material & Technique: photograph, gelatin silver print Culture: American

Term
Family Group in the Gardens Henry Fox Talbot
Definition
Slide: 9 Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 226684 Title: Family Group in the Gardens Creator: Talbot, William Henry Fox Creation Date: ca. 1844 Current Location: National Media Museum, Bradford, West Yorkshire, England Material & Technique: photograph, salted paper print Culture: English
Term
[image]
Definition

Slide: 10

Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 085598

Title: Pencil of Nature Title: Open Door (Plate VI)

Creator: Talbot, William Henry Fox

Creation Date: 1844-1846

Material & Technique: photograph, calotype

Culture: English

Culture: British

Description: 1 of 24 plates from Talbot's book published in six installments

Term
[image]
Definition
Slide: 11 Collection: Fine Arts Images Image Number: 087042 Title: Great Pyramids and Sphinx Creator: Frith, Francis Creation Date: ca. 1859 Current Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York, USA Measurements: 15.2 x 20.6 cm Material & Technique: photograph, albumen print Culture: English
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