motion photographer of the 1850s-60s

used the camera for experimentation, not art

gets the "ball rolling" with motion photography and head way into modern photo 

"Rainy Day on Broadway"

 EDWARD ANTHONY

earliest photo in America to FREEZE MOTION due to quicker chemicals and better lenses

instaneous work 

-analyzed motion with a camera for 20 years

-1st to TRULLY caption motion

 **camera dominates man because it can see things the human eye cannot**

-considered an artist

-1884 to 1885 he produced 30,000+ photos of people in motion 

-always used grid lines in his photos 

"Galloping Horse"

MUYBRIDGE 

initiated his interest in motion photo

photo was scientifically set up:

-all white backdrop

-12 measures out cameras

-string attached to shutters and strung across the track

**effected the art world: frozen photos can make art more realistic 

"Head Spring with Pigeon Interferring"

MUYBRIDGE 

-shows how he began to study everything: skipping, tapping, etc. 

"Pole Vaulter"

MUYBRIDGE 

-photos taken with sophisticated cameras that had TIMERS

-helped doctors to make anatomically correct limbs

-nudity allows one to see the whole body in motion 

an invention by Muybridge in 1870 for viewing the motion photography series

can watch the photos in motion

ground work for motion photography 

-a painter and motion photographer

-learned from Muybridge

-explored motion in photos in order to make paintings more realistic

ex. "Swimming Hole" rep. the ability of photo to anatomically correct painting

"Double Jump"

Eakins 

-one camera that can record multiple images on one sheet (piece of flim) > multiple exposure 

-german scientist and motion photographer

-influenced by Muybridge

-famous for his work with birds 

"Storks"

ANSCHULTZ 

-led to the understanding of how we fly > helped the Wright Brothers

- people can now study ornthology (the study of birds) 

MARTIN

&

"The Magazine Seller"

MARTIN 

-an engraver, that conducted his photographic studies on the side

-photographed the poor = NEW SUBJECT for photo 

-Danish immigrant to America that understood the plight of the immigrant

-was a newspaper photographer/reporter in NYC 

"Bandit's Roost, NY"

RIIS 

-taken in Mulberry Bend, the worst area of NYC

-wanted to supply the police with evidence as to the whereabouts of the most wanted

-although he was chased and beaten, he continued to return to the area

-success: cleaned up the area 

"Home of the Italian Ragpicker"

RIIS 

-worked with actual immigrants to create gentle and sensitive photos

-helped bring about change like welfare and self-help groups

-would show photos to church authorities to raise awareness > photos had relgious symbolism 

-from California

-not a formal photographer and understood the Native American culture

** most of the country saw NAs as savages and he saw them as peace-loving people > worked to combat the prejudice 

"Hopi Indian"

Vroman 

-empathisized the positive aspects of Native Amer life

-didn't romanticize, work is honest 

"Mission, Santa Clara"

VROMAN 

-spent 23 years photographing Native Amers > most extensive work on NAs

-documented over 80 tribes and 40,000+ photos

-criticized: saw it as a dying culture and had NAs dress and perform outdated rituals > unhonest view 

"Watching the Dancers"

CURTIS 

-received gov't support from Teddy Roosevelt > 1st time this happened

-apart of the 20 volume book in which only 2 sets are still in existance 

-French impressionists painter

-took informal photos to take the place of sketchs for his paintings > paintings took on a photo qualities:  subjects cut off on edges = RADICAL

"Portrait of his Brother"

DEGAS 

-provided subject matter for his painting "The Sulking"

-photos made by lamp light

-took down notes on the colors 

-father of modern art photography

-wealthy Jewish German that went to college in Germany for engineering but became more interested in art photo movements

-gained popularity very quickly and returned to America with modern art photo (European sensibility) 

"Paula, or Sun Rays, Berlin"

STIEGLITZ 

-photographed light

-wanted to capture how light effects/molds the subjects of the photo

-asked photographers to question other things in a photo 

"Leone"

STIEGLITZ 

-represents how he only photographs the familiar and could find beauty in anything

-shows how he believed you must print ALL of the negative and let nature provide artistic effects 

"Winter on 5th Avenue"

STIEGLITZ 

-original print was highly criticized forcing him back into the dark room to crop

-allowed for more prominence with stronger graphic elements

-ultimately changed his philosophy and now favors manipulation in the dark room 

"The Steerage"

STIEGLITZ 

-considered to be his finest photo ever

-beginning of his exploration into abstraction:

a) plank cuts photo plane in half

b) repition in chain links

c) work done spontaneously

d) found geometric shapes in nature 

"Portrait of Georgia O'Keefe"

STIEGLITZ 

-subject: famous American abstract painter that became his wife

-photographed her for 20 years, made over 500 photos > most epic project of his

-ultimate goal: for the viewer to the many selves we go through in our lifetimes 

"Equivalent"

STIEGLITZ 

-photos of clouds, abstract

-worked on project for 9 years

-symbolic: his thoughts, dreams, fears, hopes, other personal emotions 

-started project to take photos of things he could not control 

"New York at Night"

STIEGLITZ 

-started because he was old and living in NYC, and decided to photo out of his window > 110 photos

-abstract because points of reference of the buildings are cut off and break the plane of the photo 

-similar to Stieglitz as he photo'ed the familiar and light is an important subject (esp back lighting)  > photo'd for art 

"Blessed Art Thou Amoung Women"

KASEBIER 

-favored photographing mothers and women

-title is symbolic and religious

-self taught talent

-similar to Stieglitz that he photo'd the familiar (women and children) 

"The Orchard"

WHITE 

-represents how he had his subjects wear costumes he designed and had made  > unique

-photo taken in the the early and late afternoon for softer lighting > TRADEMARK

"Letitia Felix"

WHITE 

-worked at the same time as Stieglitz and was just as famous

-photo'd nature abstractly = familiar

-to make $ as an artist made a print of the month club

"Palm Tree" 

WESTON

-shows how his early work was focused on sharp close-ups and natural patterns

-cut off points of reference make it just into an object 

"Clouds Mexico"

WESTON 

-allows for open interpretation

-abstraction based on realism 

"Artichoke Halved"

WESTON

-ex of his most famous collection of fruits and vegs

-shows progressive rhythm

-cuts off pts of reference, sharp & up close 

-infuses a sensual nature into mundane objects 

"White Dunes California"

WESTON 

-progressive rhythm, pts of ref cut off

-dramatic 

-America's greatest landscape artist for 53 years

-worked mostly in Cali

-applied discipline of musical training to photography

-gifted eye and beautiful printer 

"Mount Williamson Clearing Storm"

ADAMS 

-appealing to a large population

-represents the zone system

-continued to return to the location until everything was perfect 

-used in black and white photos to help fuse photos with a sense of light:

a) blackest black w/ detail

b) whitest white w/ detail

c) between the black and white, the entire gray scale exists 

-found in nature

-involves the repition of shapes that change in a regular manner 

-French

-brought moderism to Europe

-eventually moved to America 

"Meudon"

KERTESZ 

"Montmarte"

KERTESZ 

-French (moved to NYC)

-known as a street photographer > not art, but she pushed the envelope

-photographed the unglamourous

-raw, gutsy, direct photos 

"On The Promenade"

MODEL 

-labeled as a dengenerate piece of art by the Nazi's because it didn't exemplify Arian ideals

-demonstrates her style:

a) upclose, little breathing space

b) subjects looked directly out @ the camera

c) subjects had serious expression 

-French (moved to the US)

-one of the leading force in 20th century photography

-originally a painter

-photos were meant to tell a story

-known for his many planes of action and a sense of surreality 

"Children Playing in Ruins"

CARTIER-BRESSON 

-taking in Spain after the Civil War

-perfect example of decisive moment

-shows great action

-what a viewer may think is the subject is not always the subject 

"Cardinal Pacelli"

CARTIER-BRESSON

-represents how the subject is not always who you think it is

-subject is the woman, not cardinal 

-NYC

-street and police photographer for a newspaper

-nicknamed Quiji Board because his radio intercepter allowed him to get to the crime scene first 

"The Critic"

WEEGEE 

-spontaneous, decisive moment

-FLASH allowed for the flattening of the background, and highlight items in the foreground

-two women are highly overdone, while the bag lady is criticing them 

-invented the box camera in 1888

-father of modern photography

-raised in poverty and was always experimenting with chem and photo

-created the first photo finishing company in America = KODAK

-committed suicide because he wanted to control his death not his terminal disease 

-would be held at breast height, click a button and then advance the film

-$25 for the camera and 100 exposure film

-when done: ship entire camera back to Eastman and for $10 he would print and refill the film

-careful composition was enabled later on once the viewfinder was added 

requirements:

1. couldn't be like any other word in the English language

2. had to have 2 syllables

3. can't be easily mispelled 

1. intro of the word "snap-shot"

2. attitude of the photographer changed to more spontaneity and photos of everyday life

3. intro of the word "ameteur photographer"

4. invasion of privacy by inviting the unexpected