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| first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately |
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-discredited spontaneous generation
- showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs |
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spontaneous generation for microorganisms:
his experiment:
mutton broth in flasks-->boiled-->sealed
results: broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms |
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discredited spontaneous generation for microoganisms:
his experiment:
broth in flasks-->sealed-->boiled
results: no growth of microorganisms |
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| his experiments:
placed nutrient solution in flasks
created flasks with long, curved necks
boiled the solutions
left flasks exposed to air
results: no growth of microorganisms
also,
demonstrated microorganisms carried out fermentations
developed pasteurization
showed that the pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan |
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demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air
also provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria |
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| heat resistant bacteria could produce endospores |
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| showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus |
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| demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold |
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| showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases |
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provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease
developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings
his patients had fewer postoperative infections |
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established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
used criteria developed by his teacher Jacob Henle (1809-1895)
these criteria now known as Koch’s postulates: still used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease |
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the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
the same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host |
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developed porcelain bacterial filters used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study tobacco mosaic disease
determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present which were smaller than bacteria and passed through the filters
infectious agents were eventually shown to be viruses |
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| used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox |
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| Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato |
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developed antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
evidence for humoral immunity |
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discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood
evidence for cellular immunity |
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| Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck |
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studied soil microorganisms and discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes (e.g., nitrogen fixation)
pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media |
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