Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular Resting stage eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| All multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and sponges |
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Term
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Definition
| Porifera, Cnidaria, and Bilaterians |
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Term
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Definition
| Move with front end pointed in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Coelomate, worm-like animals by 600 mya |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Digestive tract w/ mouth at front, anus at back |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and earthworms |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains Protostomes and Deuterostomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains echinoderms and chordates |
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Term
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Definition
| Coelom appears (subgroup of bilaterians) |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and seastars |
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Term
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Definition
| Coelom appears: A double sheet of tissue folded around the inner surfaces joined together to form a 3-dimensional bag |
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Term
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Definition
| Exploited new food supply in organic-rich sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulatory systems (too large for diffusion alone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth develops from primordial anus |
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Term
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Definition
| Special larval morphology |
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Term
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Definition
| Notochord (a stiff rod along the back, embryonic precursor to the vertebral column). |
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Term
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Definition
| Pikaia (of Mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale)has both the dorsal nerve cord and a notochord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Have a head that detects and captures prey |
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Term
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Definition
| Head that exchanges and distributes respiratory gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural crest: Mesoderm adjacent to notochord. Tied to evolution of organs of info acquisition and integration, and locomotion. Blooms early in ontogeny. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selected and pursued prey |
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Term
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Definition
Larger size led to pharyngeal breathing.
Gill arches become muscular, develop own blood-rich capillary system (with blood cells), and become supported by cartilage (which snaps arches back into shape after being bent by muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-part brain, with organs of special sense |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Eyes (electromagnetic receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ears (mechano- and electro- receptors, in the form of lateral line system) |
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Term
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Definition
Predaceous habit, leading to:
1. Heart for pumping blood through the body
2. Chevron-shaped trunk and tail muscles improve locomotion
3. Semi-circular canals of ear facilitate orienting head toward prey
4. Muscular gut walls and extracellular digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular gut walls and extracellular digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A heart for pumping the blood through the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two semicircular canals of ear facilitate orienting head toward prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chevron-shaped trunk and tail muscles improve locomotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and lamprey |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neural control synchronizes heart beat |
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Term
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Definition
| Closed circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Isometric cartilage: Can grow without changing overall shape (unlike bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of Paleozoic marine biostratigraphy |
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Term
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Definition
| Soft-bodied predator, but shares with vertebrates extrinsic eye muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Have dentine (unlike lamprey and hagfish) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tooth wear patterns support idea of macrophagy |
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Term
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Definition
| Great Heterostrachan divergence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of heterostracans and humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Active-lifestyle (evidenced by bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone stores essential ions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bone seals off organism from environment, affording greater homeostasis.
Gill-pump-based respiratory system must have been in place before development of external skeleton, as skeleton would block diffusion across skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whole animal was an ear, with lateral line system extending off head and along sides of body |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes Anapsids, Thelodonts, Galeaspids, Osteostracans, and Gnathostomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired muscular fin folds |
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Term
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Definition
| Galeaspids, osteostracans, and gnathostomes share a lateral line system enclosed in a canal and enamel and perichondral bone |
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Term
| Muscle Fins (Osteostracans and gnathostomes) |
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Definition
| Paired and muscularized pectoral appendages. |
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Term
| Muscle Fins (Osteostracans and gnathostomes) |
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Definition
| Cellular external (dermal) and internal (endoskeletal) bone that is now a living tissue |
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Term
| Muscle Fins (Osteostracans and gnathostomes) |
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Definition
| A heterocercal tail in which notochord turns upward and one lobe of the caudal fin consequently enlarges (shark tail). |
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Term
| Muscle Fins (Osteostracans and gnathostomes) |
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Definition
| Scleral ossicles (bones that support the eyeball). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Jaws develop from gill arches.
First two pairs become jaws, next two become supports upon which jaws are suspended from skull.
Rest of gills become specialized for breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Natural selection acts on available structures 2. Jaws arose from pre-existing structures that originally served a different purpose. Transfer of Function. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increased oxygen assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired pectoral and pelvic appendages propelled and steered the organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Includes chondrichthyes and osteichthhyes |
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Term
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Definition
| Extinct sister to crown gnathostomes. Toothless. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contains actinopterygii (fish, ray-fins) and sarcopterygii (lobe-fins) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| At least parts of backbone ossify endochondrally (cartilage is replaced by bone) |
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Term
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Definition
Paired, richly vascularized esophagus outpocketings:
Functions as lung in basal fish and lobe-fins
Also acts as a swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution of lung means that evolved near shore and adjacent inland waters, where one can experience low oxygen conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Probably arose "on-shore," maybe even in fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Exaptation/transfer of function: Walking.
Shared muscular forelimbs with fish, added muscular hindlimbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mobile joint between front and back parts of internal head skeleton that enables increasing gape of bite |
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Term
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Definition
| Gape and suck feeding: Decrease pressure in mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and lungfish |
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Term
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Definition
| Choana: Internal nares. Exit to nose lies inside of mouth, entrance remains outside. |
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Term
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Definition
| Link between nose and mouth enables breathing without opening mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Step cycle: Paired appendages move in opposite cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
Shallow water predators:
1. Internal nares enabled taking in air with less water surface disturbance
2. Walking facilitates stealthy movement while stalking prey underwater |
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Term
| Osteolepids/Pan-Tetrapoda |
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Definition
| Well-ossified front limbs |
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Term
| Osteolepids/Pan-Tetrapoda |
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Definition
| Internal nares actually appear at this point (Rhizodontids don't have them) |
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Term
| Osteolepids/Pan-Tetrapoda |
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Definition
| Panderichthys: Flatter skull and more dorsally-directed eyes. Looking up for its dinner |
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Term
| Osteolepids/Pan-Tetrapoda |
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Definition
| Acanthostega (8 toes) and Ichthyostega (7 toes): 4 limbs with legs attached to hips, and hips to backbone. Could walk on land. |
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Term
| Osteolepids/Pan-Tetrapoda |
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Definition
| Greerepeton developed joint between head and backbone. Neck no less important to living on land than limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Modifications to backbone, limbs, shoulders and hips that speak to terrestrial habits |
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Term
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Definition
| Life history carried out on dry land, return to water for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Costal ventilation: Long ribs that follow the contours of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Crocodile" ecomorphs: General body form correlated with particular way of life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pan-Amniotes (Limnoscelis) |
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Definition
| 2 sacral vertebrae attaching backbone to hips |
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Term
| Pan-Amniotes (Limnoscelis) |
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Definition
| Fingernails to dig holes to hide itself or eggs in highly variable terrestrial environment. |
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Term
| Pan-Amniota (Limnoscelis) |
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Definition
| Wholly committed to life on land |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of mammals and reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Land egg composed of 3 membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mother secretes a calcareous shell (lost in Therian mammals and many times in lizards) |
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Term
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Definition
| Could reproduce terrestrially |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% from an area less than 200km in diameter in Texas and Oklahoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Edward Drinker Cope (nemesis of Yale's OC Marsh) published papers |
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Term
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Definition
| Statigraphic consistency index of .80 |
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Term
| Evolutionary overprinting |
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Definition
| Profound evolutionary modifications over eons of time between the mid-Paleozoic and today mean that few synapsid synapomorphies remain discernible in living mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single lower temporal bar (called zygomatic arch in Mammalia. Forms lower border of lower temporal fenestra) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Broom 1905: Apomorphy. 1st pan-mammal with Homo sapiens' enlarged, dorsally-oriented lower temporal fenestra and arched lower temporal bar. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ear sensitive to airborne sound |
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Term
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Definition
| Expanded capacity for sustained, aerobically-supported activity is evident in therocephalians as well as basal cynodonts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Owen 1861: Apomorphy. First pan-mammal with homo sapiens' differentiated jaw dentition |
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Term
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Definition
| Late Triassic stem mammals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Facial muscles, derived from neck muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeothermic endothermy (high activity level supported by high and constant body temps) |
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Term
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Definition
| A discriminating nose (biggest gene family ~ 1,000 genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary ossification centers in ends of long bones (fuse at skeletal maturity, may reflect sexual maturity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Knee caps that give leverage to the thigh muscles and protect the knee joint. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mammary gland organized into breasts with nipples |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle Fins (Osteostracans and gnathostomes) |
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Definition
| A dorsal, bone-supported fin |
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Term
| Characteristics shared among living beings |
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Definition
1. Cilia
2. We kill to live
3. Mitochrondria
4. Flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined by their attributes, and therefore cannot evolve with respect to those attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| An entity whose parts interact to form a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporal series of individuals including an ancestor and all of its descendants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction of character change |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Nomenclature |
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Definition
| An approach to biological nomenclature that applies names to taxa based on methods that specify the references of taxon names in terms of common ancestry and descent. |
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Term
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Definition
| MRCA of humans and lemurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Purgatorius: Extinct sister clade from late Cretaceous of Montana (65mya) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plesiadapids abundant in early in Paleogene |
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Term
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Definition
| Notharctids from Eocene of NA probably related to lemurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened nail on thumb and big toe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forward-facing eyes provide overlapping visual fields |
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Term
| Primates (Tarsiers, Haplorhini) |
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Definition
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Term
| Primates (Tarsiers, Haplorhini) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Catarrhini=Old World Monkeys |
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Definition
| Narrow strip of tissue separating nostrils |
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Term
| Catarrhini=Old World Monkeys |
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Definition
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Term
| Catarrhini=Old World Monkeys |
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Definition
| To distinguish fossil Apo-Catarrhini: they have only two premolar teeth rather than three. |
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Term
| Catarrhini=Old World Monkeys |
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Definition
| Oligocene Fayun deposits of Egypt. Earliest remains, including Aegyptopithecus, sister clade to crown Apes. |
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Term
| Apes and Cercopithecoidea |
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Definition
| 2 Clades of Old World Monkeys |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly mobile shoulder joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger arms (brachiating) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Broad ilium (hip bone) enhances balance and stability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Express social dominance in arm-raised, bipedal stance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ardepithecus: Late Pliocene, earliest with significant bipedal abilities, though still an able climber. |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Upper arms short relative to legs |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Short, broad, curved pelvis |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Femur with long neck in hip socket |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Knee displays modifications to vertical weight bearing. |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Big toe long and forward pointing |
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Term
| Lucy (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Footprints in 3.2 myo volcanic ash in Africa |
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Term
| Australopithecus Africanus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Raymond Dart's famous "Taung" child |
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Term
| Australopithecus Africanus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Lost the diastema between the canines and incisors, lost the confluent jaw and neck muscles on the skull, and reduced the size of the canines |
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Term
| Paranthropus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Includes Aethiopicus, boisei, and robustus |
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Term
| Paranthropus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
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Term
| Paranthropus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
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Term
| Paranthropus (Bipedal African Apes) |
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Definition
| Massive jaws and face, with flaring, forward-facing cheek bones. |
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